Table 4. Clinical retrospective series of malignant tracheoesophageal/bronchoesophageal fistulae.
| Investigators | Year | Age | Primary tumor | No. of pts | Survival | Comments |
| Martini et al [2] | 1970 | 58.6(mean) | ESCC (93) EAC(2) Others (16) | 111 | 1-mth survival rate:60%3-mth survival rate:21% | Gastrostomy 39(35%), supportive care 39 (35%),bypass 10(9%), exclusion 12(11%),esophagectomy 2(2%). |
| Gudovsky [4] | 1993 | N/A | Esophagus(5)Others (6) | 11 | N/A | Operative mortality in 3 esophageal cancer pts |
| Morgan et al [3] | 1997 | 60.3(mean) | ESCC (18)EAC (2) | 20 | 65.3 days(mean) | Stents in all 20 pts |
| Hu et al [5] | 2009 | 57.7(mean) | ESCC (35) | 35(All) 17(stent)9(gastrostomy) | N/A 93 days(median)62 days(median) | Stent improves health-related quality of life |
| Choi [9] | 2010 | 61(median) | ESCC (52) | 52 | 56 days(median) | Stent 21(40%), gastrotomy 20(38%),esophagectomy 4(8%), bypass 1(2%) |
| Our series | 2012 | 51.5(mean) | ESCC (86) | 86(All) 30(stent)35(gastrostomy/jejunostomy) | 62 days(median)125 days(median)55 days(median) | Stent improves overall survival, compared togastrostomy/jejunostomy |
ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; EAC, esophageal adenocarcinoma; N/A, not available (data not available in the publication); pts, patients.