Table 5. Dedifferentiation of primed pluripotent stem cells to naïve pluripotent stem cells in mouse and human CDK1, cyclin-dependent kinase 1.

Parent cells (primed pluripotency)	Inducer of reversal to a naïve state	Success rate	Reference
Mouse EpiSCs	Transfection of Klf4 and addition of LIF and 2i (the ERK inhibitor PD0325901 and the GSK3 inhibitor CHIR99021)	0.1–1%	[147]
Mouse EpiSCs	Transfection of Klf2 and addition of LIF and 2i	0.11%	[131]
Mouse EpiSCs	Transfection of Nanog and addition of LIF and 2i Transfection of Nanog and addition of LIF and BMP4	1–10% Not described 2%	[163]
Mouse EpiSCs	One of the following five options in the presence of LIF:  transfection of Klf4  transfection of Myc  addition of Kenpaullone (GSK3b and CDK1/cyclin B  inhibitor)  addition of Kenpaullone and CHIR99021  addition of PD184352 (MEK inhibitor) and CHIR99021		[150]
Mouse EpiSCs	Transfection of the nuclear receptor Nr5a1 or Nr5a2 gene with  the addition of LIF and 2i	1%	[152]
Mouse EpiSCs	2i and activation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway with a chimaeric  receptor	0.5–1.5%	[148]
Human ESCs	LIF, PD0325901 and SB203580 (p38 inhibitor)	Not described	[164]
Human iPSCs	Reversal to the naïve state by LIF and 2i in addition to the  continued expression of the transgenes OCT4 , SOX2 and  KLF4 Maintenance of the reversed state by LIF, 2i and forskolin  (activator of adenylate cyclase) without the three transgenes	Not described	[165]
Human ESCs	Transient expression of OCT4 plus KLF4, or KLF2 plus KLF4, followed by addition of LIF, 2i and forskolin.	Not described	[165]