Post-injury (±)-rolipram reduced cytokine levels in the injured parietal cortex. IL-1β (A) and TNF-α (B) levels were assayed by ELISA at 3 hr after moderate parasagittal FPI. Animals received vehicle or (±)-rolipram intravenously (i.v.) 30 min after trauma. (±)-Rolipram treatment nonsignificantly reduced IL-1β levels and significantly reduced TNF-α levels (*P < 0.05 for rolipram-treated versus vehicle-treated animals) in a concentration-dependent manner as compared to vehicle treatment of TBI animals (dotted line). Data represent mean ± SEM, n = 3 vehicle-treated TBI animals, n = 3 0.5 mg/kg (±)-rolipram-treated TBI animals, n = 4 1 mg/kg (±)-rolipram-treated TBI animals, n = 3 3 mg/kg (±)-rolipram-treated TBI animals, n = 4 6 mg/kg (±)-rolipram-treated TBI animals.