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Growth and buckling of a tissue layer constrained at lateral ends. Growth is induced by increasing the cell solute and solid content fivefold. The solid matrix is isotropic, with an elastic modulus of 10−3 MPa. (a) Layer in initial configuration. (b) Layer in final configuration. Buckling is induced by nudging the structure with a small, transient vertical force at the center of the layer at the start of the growth process.
