TABLE 3.

Statistical summary for group, factor, and group by factor effects from ANOVA

	Group
Measures	F	P
Sound pressure level Syllable duration	18.2	<.001*
	0.6	0.4
	Group		Direction		Group × Direction
	F	P	F	P	F	P
LL open/close displacement	5.5	.03*	<1		<1
LL open/close velocity	4.5	.04*	38.4	<.001*	1.3	.26
	Group		Articulator		Group × Articulator
	F	P	F	P	F	P
Displacement dynamic range Velocity dynamic range	7.4	.01*	21.5	<.001*	<1
	8.5	.01*	12.4	<.001*	<1
	Group		Word		Group × Word
	F	P	F	P	F	P
F2 slope	9.58	.004*	97.3	<.001*	<1

^*Significant at P <.05.

ANOVA, analysis of variance; LL, lower lip; F2, second formant.