Table 3. Hemorrhagic risk is evaluated by the HAS-BLED score.[48].

Letter	Clinical characteristic	Points awarded
H	Hypertension	1
A	Abnormal renal and liverfunction (1 point each)	1
S	Stroke	1
B	Bleeding	1
L	Labile INRs	1
E	Elderly (age > 65 years)	1
D	Drugs or alcohol (1 point each)	1

Maximum score is 9. Hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 160 mmHg. Abnormal kidney function is defined as the presence of chronic dialysis or renal transplantation or serum creatinine ≥ 200 mmol/L. Abnormal liver function is defined as chronic hepatic disease (e.g., cirrhosis) or biochemical evidence of significant hepatic derangement (e.g., bilirubin, 2 × upper limit of normal, in association with aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase/alkaline phosphatase, 3 × upper limit normal, etc.). Bleeding refers to previous bleeding history and/or predisposition to bleeding, e.g., bleeding diathesis, anemia, etc. Labile INRs refers to unstable/high INRs or poor time in therapeutic range (e.g., 60%). Drugs/alcohol use refers to concomitant use of drugs, such as antiplatelet agents, non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs, or alcohol abuse, etc. INR: ¼ international normalized ratio.