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. 2012 Aug;58(8):831–835.
Bladder

  • Distention

  • Urinary tract infection

  • Catheterization

  • Catheter tube kinking

  • Bladder or kidney stones


Bowel

  • Constipation

  • Hemorrhoids

  • Fissures

  • Manual disimpaction


Skin

  • Pressure areas

  • Tight clothing, stockings, or straps

  • Ingrown toenail

  • Blisters


Other

  • Sexual stimulation

  • Scrotal compression

  • Childbirth

AD—autonomic dysreflexia.