Table 2.

Overview of the main functions of immune mediators and negative regulators of the immune system

Immune mediators
MCP-1 (CCL2)	Monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1 (CC-chemokine 2)	Chemokine, emigration of monocytes from bone marrow; monocyte recruitment [27]
COX2	Cyclo-oxygenase 2	Production of prostaglandins; vasodilatation, inflammation, platelet disaggregation [28], neuropathic pain [29]
IL-1β	Interleukin-1 beta	Pro-inflammatory cytokine; many biological functions: up-regulation of adhesion molecules, influx of neutrophils, induction of additional inflammatory mediators, important in sterile inflammation [30]
IL-6	Interleukin 6	Pleiotropic cytokine; wide range of biological activities in immune regulation, hematopoiesis, and inflammation [31]
MIP-1α (CCL3)	Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (CC-chemokine 3)	Chemokine, recruitment of monocytes to the inflamed tissue [4]
Negative regulators
A20	-	Negative regulator of TLR-signaling. Blocks TLR-mediated signaling by blocking NFκB signaling [32]
IκBα	Inhibitor kappa B alpha	Inhibits NFκB signaling by masking the nuclear localization signal, keeping NFκB in its inactive state [33]
IL-1RA	IL-1 receptor antagonist	Antagonist of IL-1; binds to IL-1R1 thereby blocking signaling [30]
MyD88s	Myeloid differentiation 88 small	Antagonist of the adaptor protein MyD88 [26]
SIGIRR	Single immunoglobulin IL-1R-related molecule	Inhibits IL-1 signaling, orphan receptor of IL-1 family with antagonistic properties [34]
SOCS1	Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1	Suppression of cytokine signaling by inhibiting JAK tyrosine kinase [35]