Figure 3.

qPCR was used to assess expression profiles of several genes for which gene expression was below microarray detection sensitivity. qPCR analysis of hippocampal gene expression for the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1beta, NF-alpha, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 revealed significant upregulation of IL-6, IL-1beta and IL-10 with age, and further upregulation of IL-10 in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (A). Similarly, modulators of cytokine signaling were upregulated in the hippocampus (HC) with age including a six-fold increase in the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS-3) and a two-fold increase in IRAK3, a serine/threonine kinase that mediates signaling from toll-like receptors (TLRs) and IL-1 receptor family members (B). In contrast, no significant change in components of the inflammasome (NRLP3 and ASC) was detected in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) with aging or AD (C). **** P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.005, *P < 0.05.