Table 3. Distribution of study characteristics for infants included (survival follow-up to 28 d and birth weight and gestational age data available) and for infants excluded (at least one data point missing of survival to 28 d, birth weight, and gestational age).
| Study Characteristics | Korogwe, Tanzania | Mwanza, Tanzania | Asembo Bay, Kenya | Kabale, Uganda | All Observations | |||||
| Included n = 731 | Excluded n = 184 | Included n = 1,170 | Excluded n = 326 | Included n = 1,465 | Excluded n = 363 | Included n = 1,477 | Excluded n = 11 | Included n = 4,843 | Excluded n = 884 | |
| Newborn outcomes | ||||||||||
| NRMa | 32.8 | 7.6 | 16.2 | 43.5b | 13.0 | 51.7b | 16.9 | N/A | 18.0 | 41.1b |
| Mean birth weight g (SD) | 3,100 (517) | 3,243 (581) | 3,091 (456) | 3,015 (635) | 3,068 (455) | 3,270 (679)b | 3,192 (477) | 2,877 (748)b | 3,116 (475) | 3,198 (653)b |
| Mean gestation wk (SD) | 39.2 (1.8) | 39.3 (1.6) | 39.4 (1.4) | 39.1 (1.3) | 39 (1.3) | 38.6(1.4) | 37.3 (0.8) | 36.4(1.8) | 38.7 (1.5) | 38.9 (1.6)b |
| Low birth weight % | 11.3 | 7.3 | 9.6 | 18.4b | 9.9 | 10.2 | 6.9 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 10.9 |
| Preterm % | 4.9 | 5.6 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 5.7b | 5.7 | 18.1 | 4.0 | 5.3 |
| Small for gestational age %c | 21.9 | 20.4 | 25.3 | 28.5 | 26.4 | 11.4b | 9.9 | 20.0 | 20.4 | 16.3 |
| Female % | 50.5 | 47.3 | 47.8 | 53.0 | 51.4 | 45.5b | 48.8 | 45.4 | 49.6 | 48.7 |
| Twins % | 3.8 | 2.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.1 | 18.1b | 1.2 | 0.7 |
| Delivery characteristics d | ||||||||||
| Vaginal deliveries % | 90.0 | 92.3 | 94.0 | 99.0b | 100 | 96.0b | 91.9 | 100 | 94.9 | 96.7 |
| Facility deliveries % | 88.5 | 52.5b | 98.8 | 10.1b | 8.2 | 14.2b | 100 | 100 | 70.3 | 24.0b |
| Maternal characteristics d | ||||||||||
| Mean age in years (SD) | 26.9 (6.2) | 27.1 (6.1) | 23.9 (6.1) | 25.2 (7.7)b | 25.7 (6.8) | 25.5 (6.7) | 25.1 (5.7) | 24.3 (5.7) | 25.3 (6.3) | 25.7 (7.0) |
| First live birth % | 23.9 | 19.1 | 32.9 | 19.0b | N/A | N/A | 37.5 | 18.1 | 11.6 | 11.1 |
| No education % | 6.4 | 5.9 | 11.0 | 18.4b | 10.8 | 11.2 | 10.3 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 12.8b |
| Positive for malaria %e | 1.6 | 1.5 | 18.0 | 15.7 | 30.3 | 29.6 | 15.4 | 20.0 | 18.5 | 18.9 |
a
NRM expressed per 1,000 live births.
b
indicates difference in distribution between included and excluded for individual projects, or all combined, to be significant at the 5% level.
c
Using Alexander definition <10%.
d
Both included and excluded newborn groups had missing observations from the mother.
e
Malaria parasites of any Plasmodium species in the maternal peripheral blood at delivery detected by blood slide in Kenya (Asembo Bay), Tanzania (Mwanza), and Uganda (Kabale), and by rapid diagnostic test in Tanzania (Korogwe).