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. 2012 Aug 14;3(4):e00184-12. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00184-12

FIG 1 .

FIG 1

Galactose toxicity-induced cell lysis in the galE mutant by galactose metabolites. (A) Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism in bacteria. galK encodes a galactose kinase, galT encodes a galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, and galE encodes a UDP-galactose epimerase. Glc, glucose; Gal, galactose. (B) Growth of the wild type (3610) (WT) and the ΔgalE mutant (FC300) in LB (Luria-Bertani) medium in the presence or absence of 0.5% galactose. Arrows indicate the time point at which cell samples were collected for microscopy analyses (results shown in panel C). (C) Live/dead cell staining of the B. subtilis ΔgalE mutant (FC300). Cells were grown in LB medium with or without supplementation of 0.5% galactose and collected 3 h after inoculation (indicated by arrows in panel B). Cells were treated with dyes for live/dead cell staining and examined under fluorescence microscopy. Arrows points to cells showing distinct bulge-like structures. (D) Growth of the wild type (3610) and ΔgalE mutant (FC300) of B. subtilis in LB medium supplemented or not supplemented with 0.5% galactose (Gal) or 0.5% d-oxy-galactose (d-oxy-Gal). (E) Growth of the ΔgalETK (YC563), ΔgalETK amyE::galK (YC810), and ΔgalETK amyE::galTK (YC811) mutants in LB medium supplemented or not supplemented with 0.5% galactose (Gal).