Table 3.
Evidence for unintentional processing of emotion-relevant information.
| Study | Diagnosis | Task | Evidence for unintentional processing? |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agoraphobia | |||
| No studies (to our knowledge). | |||
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | |||
| Bradley, Mogg, White, Groom, & de Bono, 1999 | GAD | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| Gotlib, Krasnoperova, Yue, & Joormann, 2004 | DEP | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| GAD | No* | ||
| MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986 | GAD | Supra-DPT | Yes* |
| DEP | No* | ||
| Mathews, Ridgeway, & Williamson, 1996 | GAD | Supra-DPT | Yes* |
| PD | Yes | ||
| DEP | Yes* | ||
| Mogg, Bradley, & Williams, 1995 | GAD | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| DEP | Yes | ||
| Mogg, Mathews, & Eysenck, 1992 | GAD | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| Mogg, Millar, & Bradley, 2000 | GAD | Supra-DPT | No |
| Depressed (DEP and DYS) | No | ||
| Becker, Rinck, Margraf, & Roth, 2001 | GAD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| SP | Yes | ||
| Bradley, Mogg, Millar, & White, 1995 | GAD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| GAD + DEP | No | ||
| Martin, Williams, & Clark, 1991: Expt 2 | GAD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Martin, Williams, & Clark, 1991: Expt 4 | GAD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Mathews, Mogg, Kentish, & Eysenck, 1995 | GAD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Mogg, Bradley, Millar, & White, 1995 | GAD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Mogg, Bradley, Williams, & Mathews, 1993 | GAD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| DEP | No | ||
| see also 3 Sub-Stroop entries in unconscious table. | |||
| see also 2 Sub-DPT entries in unconscious table. | |||
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | |||
| Amir, Cobb, & Morrison, 2008 | OCD | NPT | Yes |
| McNally, Wilhelm, Buhlmann, & Shin, 2001 | OCD | NPT | No |
| Harkness, Harris, Jones, & Vaccaro, 2009 | OCD (checkers) | Supra-DPT | No |
| Foa, Ilai, McCarthy, Shoyer, & Murdock, 1993 | OCD (washers) | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| OCD (nonwashers) | (with priming) | Yes | |
| Kampman, Keijsers, Verbraak, Naring, & Hoogduin, 2002: Expt 2 | OCD | Supra-Stroop | No |
| PD | No | ||
| Kyrios & Iob, 1998 | OCD | Supra-Stroop | No |
| Lavy, van Oppen, & van den Hout, 1994 | OC (washers) | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| OC (checkers) | Yes | ||
| McNally et al., 1994 | OCD | Supra-Stroop | No* |
| PD | Yes | ||
| McNally, Riemann, Louro, Lukach, & Kim, 1992 | PD | Supra-Stroop | No |
| OCD | No* | ||
| McNeil, Tucker, Miranda, Lewin, & Nordgren, 1999 | PTSD | Supra-Stroop | Yes* |
| OCD | No* | ||
| DEP | No | ||
| Moritz et al., 2008 | OCD | Supra-Stroop | No |
| Moritz et al., 2004 | OCD (checkers) | Supra-Stroop | No |
| Unoki, Kasuga, Matsushima, & Ohta, 1999 | OCD | Supra-Stroop | No |
| see also 2 Sub-Stroop entries in unconscious table. | |||
| Panic Disorder | |||
| Horenstein & Segui, 1997: Expt 1 | PD | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| SP | No | ||
| Horenstein & Segui, 1997: Expt 2 | PD | Supra-DPT (with 3 words) | Mixed |
| Kroeze & van den Hout, 2000 | PD | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| Livermore, Sharpe, & McKenzie, 2007 | COPD with PD or PA | Supra-DPT | No |
| De Cort, Hermans, Spruyt, Griez, & Schruers, 2008 | PD | Supra-Stroop | No |
| Hope, Rapee, Heimberg, & Dombeck, 1990 | SP | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| PD | Yes | ||
| Kampman, Keijsers, Verbraak, Naring & Hoogduin, 2002 : Expt 1 | PD | Supra-Stroop | No |
| Lim & Kim, 2005 | PD | Supra-Stroop | No |
| DEP | Yes | ||
| Maidenberg, Chen, Craske, Bohn, & Bystritsky, 1996 | PD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| SP | Yes | ||
| McNally, Riemann, & Kim, 1990 | PD and PDA | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Quero, Baños, & Botella, 2001 | PDA | Supra-Stroop | No |
| Teachman, Smith-Janik, & Saporito, 2007 | PD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| van Niekerk, Möller, & Nortje, 1999 | PD | Supra-Stroop | No |
| SP | |||
| see also (above): | |||
| Mathews, Ridgeway, & Williamson, 1996 | |||
| Kampman, Keijsers, Verbraak, Naring, & Hoogduin, 2002 : Expt 2 | |||
| McNally et al., 1994 | |||
| McNally, Riemann, Louro, Lukach, & Kim, 1992 | |||
| see also 5 Sub-Stroop entries in unconscious table. | |||
| see also 1 Sub-DPT entry in unconscious table. | |||
| Post-traumatic Stress Disorder | |||
| Elsesser, Sartory, & Tackenberg, 2004 | PTSD | Supra-DPT | No |
| Bryant & Harvey, 1995 | PTSD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Ph (driving) | No* | ||
| Constans, McCloskey, Vasterling, Brailey, & Mathews, 2004 | PTSD | Supra-Stroop | Mixed |
| Harvey, Bryant, & Rapee, 1996 | PTSD (with past car accident) | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Litz et al., 1996 | PTSD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| McNally, Amir, & Lipke, 1996 | PTSD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| McNally, Kaspi, Riemann, & Zeitlin, 1990 | PTSD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Paunovic, Lundh, & Öst, 2002 | PTSD | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Thrasher, Dalgleish, & Yule, 1994 | PTSD | Supra-Stroop | Mixed |
| see also (above): | |||
| McNeil, Tucker, Miranda, Lewin, & Nordgren, 1999 | |||
| see also 4 Sub-Stroop entries in unconscious table. | |||
| Social Phobia | |||
| Amir, Elias, Klumpp, & Przeworski, 2003 | SP | PP | Yes |
| Asmundson & Stein, 1994 | SP | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| Chen, Ehlers, Clark, & Mansell, 2002 | SP | Supra-DPT | No |
| Gotlib, Kasch et al., 2004 | DEP | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| SP | No | ||
| Mogg, Philippot, & Bradley, 2004 | SP | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| Mueller et al., 2009 | SP | Supra-DPT | No |
| Musa, Lépine, Clark, Mansell, & Ehlers, 2003 | SP | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| Depressed SP (DEP and DYS) | No | ||
| Pishyar, Harris, & Menzies, 2008 | SP | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| Sposari & Rapee, 2007: Expt 1 | SP | Supra-DPT (anticipating a speech) | Yes |
| Sposari & Rapee, 2007: Expt 2 | SP | Supra-DPT (anticipating a speech) | Yes |
| Stevens, Rist, & Gerlach, 2009 | SP | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| Amir et al., 1996 | SP | Supra-Stroop | Mixed |
| Andersson, Westöö, Johansson, & Carlbring, 2006 | SP | Supra-Stroop | Mixed |
| Gerlach, Schiller, Wild, & Rist, 2006 | SP | Supra-Stroop | Mixed |
| Gotlib, Kasch et al., 2004 | DEP | Supra-Stroop | No |
| SP | No | ||
| Holle, Neely, & Heimberg, 1997 | SP | Supra-Stroop | Mixed |
| Kolassa & Miltner, 2006 | SP | Supra-Stroop | No |
| Ph (spider) | No* | ||
| McNeil et al., 1995 | SP (generalized) | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| SP (generalized with avoidant personality) | Yes | ||
| SP (speech) | Yes | ||
| Spector, Pecknold, & Libman, 2003 | SP | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| van Peer, Spinhoven, & Roelofs, 2010 | SP | Supra-Stroop | No |
| see also (above): | |||
| Becker, Rinck, Margraf, & Roth, 2001 | |||
| Horenstein & Segui, 1997: Expt 1 | |||
| Hope, Rapee, Heimberg, & Dombeck, 1990 | |||
| Maidenberg, Chen, Craske, Bohn, & Bystritsky, 1996 | |||
| van Niekerk, Möller, & Nortje, 1999 | |||
| see also 2 Sub-Stroop entries in unconscious table. | |||
| Specific Phobia | |||
| Kindt & Brosschot, 1998a | Ph (spider) | NPT | No |
| Elsesser, Heuschen, Pundt, & Sartory, 2006 | Ph (mixed) | Supra-DPT | No |
| Wenzel & Holt, 1999 | Ph (spider) | Supra-DPT | No |
| Ph (blood/injury) | |||
| Elsesser, Heuschen, Pundt, & Sartory, 2006 | Ph (mixed) | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Kindt & Brosschot, 1998b: Expt 1 | Ph (spider) | Supra-Stroop | No |
| Kindt & Brosschot, 1998b: Expt 2 | Ph (spider) | Supra-Stroop (anticipating spider exposure) | Yes |
| Kolassa, Musial, Kolassa, & Miltner, 2006 | Ph (spider) | Supra-Stroop | No |
| SP | No* | ||
| Kolassa, Musial, Mohr, Trippe, & Miltner, 2005 | Ph (spider) | Supra-Stroop | No |
| SP | No* | ||
| Thorpe & Salkovskis, 1997 | Ph (spider) | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Ph (mixed--not spider) | No* | ||
| van den Hout, Tenney, Huygens, & de Jong, 1997 | Ph (spider) | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Wikström, Lundh, Westerlund, & Högman, 2004 | Ph (snake) | Supra-Stroop | Mixed |
| see also (above): | |||
| Bryant & Harvey, 1995 | |||
| see also 3 Sub-Stroop entries in unconscious table. | |||
| see also 1 Sub-DPT entry in unconscious table. | |||
| MDD | |||
| Ellenbogen & Schwartzmann, 2009 | Depressed (DEP, bipolar-1, DYS) | MSCT | Yes |
| Dai, Feng, & Koster, 2011 | DEP | NPT | Yes |
| Goeleven, De Raedt, Baert, & Koster, 2006 | DEP | NPT | Yes |
| Joormann & Gotlib, 2010 | DEP | NPT | Yes |
| Leung et al., 2009 | DEP | NPT | No |
| Leung, Lee, Yip, Li, & Wong, 2009 | DEP | NPT | No |
| Yao et al., 2010 | DEP | NPT | Mixed |
| Leyman, De Raedt, Schacht, & Koster, 2007 | DEP | PP | Yes |
| Donaldson, Lam & Mathews, 2007 | DEP | Supra-DPT | Mixed |
| Fritzsche et al., 2010 | DEP | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| Joormann & Gotlib, 2007 | DEP | Supra-DPT | Yes |
| Constant et al., 2006 | DEP | Supra-Stroop | No |
| Dai & Feng, 2011 | DEP | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Dozois & Dobson, 2001 | DEP (with comorbid anxiety) | Supra-Stroop | No |
| DEP | No | ||
| Dudley, O'Brien, Barnett, McGuckin, & Britton, 2002 | DEP | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Fritzsche et al., 2010 | DEP | Supra-Stroop | No |
| Gotlib & Cane, 1987 | DEP (DEP and DYS) | Supra-Stroop (priming in middle of task) | Yes |
| Kerr, Scott, & Philllips, 2005 | DEP | Supra-Stroop | No |
| McNeely, Lau, Christensen, & Alain, 2008 | DEP (DEP and DEP (remitted)) | Supra-Stroop | No |
| Nunn, Mathews, & Trower, 1997 | Depressed (DEP or DYS or adjustment disorder w/depressed mood) | Supra-Stroop | Mixed |
| Segal, Gemar, Truchon, Guirguis, & Horowitz, 1995 | DEP | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| Segal & Vella, 1990 | DEP | Supra-Stroop (with priming) | Mixed |
| Sigmon et al., 2007 | DEP | Supra-Stroop | Yes |
| see also (above): | |||
| Gotlib, Krasnoperova, Yue, & Joormann, 2004 | |||
| MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986 | |||
| Mathews, Ridgeway, & Williamson, 1996 | |||
| Mogg, Millar, & Bradley, 2000 | |||
| Mogg, Bradley, & Williams, 1995 | |||
| Bradley, Mogg, Millar, & White, 1995 | |||
| Mogg, Bradley, Williams, & Mathews, 1993 | |||
| McNeil, Tucker, Miranda, Lewin, & Nordgren, 1999 | |||
| Lim & Kim, 2005 | |||
| Gotlib, Kasch et al., 2004 | |||
| Musa, Lépine, Clark, Mansell, & Ehlers, 2003 | |||
| Gotlib, Kasch, Traill, Joormann, Arnow, & Johnson, 2004 | |||
| see also 4 Sub-Stroop entries in unconscious table. | |||
| see also 2 Sub-DPT entries in unconscious table. | |||
Note. DEP = Depression/Major Depressive Disorder; DYS = Dysthymia; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; OCD = Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; PA = Panic attacks (but not PD); PD = Panic Disorder; PDA = Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia; Ph (XX) = Specific Phobia (XX = feared stimuli); PTSD = Post-traumatic Stress Disorder; SP = Social Phobia; MSCT = Modified Spatial Cueing Task; NPT = Negative Priming Task; PP = Posner Paradigm (Exogenous Cueing Task); Supra-DPT = Supraliminal Dot-Probe Task; Supra-Stroop = Supraliminal Stroop Task
*
stimuli were not specific to row's disorder.