Table 1.
Differences in Demographic Characteristics and Neuropsychological Test Scores between Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) and Healthy Control (HC) Participants
| |
mTBI |
HC |
|
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD (±) | Mean | SD (±) | p Value | Effect size | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 13.50 | 1.83 | 13.29 | 2.09 | >0.10 | 0.11 |
| Education (self) | 6.86 | 1.88 | 7.21 | 2.08 | >0.10 | −0.18 |
| Education (parent) | 13.29 | 2.59 | 14.83 | 3.47 | >0.10 | −0.50 |
| Siblings | 2.54 | 1.90 | 3.14 | 1.70 | >0.10 | −0.33 |
| M | F | M | F | Phi | ||
| Gender* | 14 | 0 | 11 | 3 | 0.07 | −0.35 |
| R | L | R | L | Phi | ||
| Handedness | 13 | 1 | 14 | 0 | >0.10 | 0.19 |
| Neuropsychological | ||||||
| Attention | 54.09 | 4.66 | 56.51 | 3.86 | >0.10 | −0.57 |
| Memory* | 52.17 | 9.27 | 57.86 | 7.00 | 0.08 | −0.69 |
| WM | 50.07 | 7.63 | 50.57 | 7.78 | >0.10 | −0.06 |
| PS* | 49.04 | 7.88 | 53.89 | 5.72 | 0.07 | −0.70 |
| EF | 52.34 | 4.47 | 51.63 | 5.58 | >0.10 | 0.14 |
| WRAT | 52.52 | 12.07 | 51.52 | 8.47 | >0.10 | 0.10 |
| BASC-2 SRP | ||||||
| School | 52.29 | 11.02 | 48.86 | 11.23 | >0.10 | 0.31 |
| Internalizing* | 46.64 | 9.92 | 41.00 | 3.62 | 0.06 | 0.76 |
| Inattention | 53.36 | 14.87 | 45.57 | 9.32 | >0.10 | 0.63 |
| Emotional | 45.86 | 9.51 | 41.79 | 6.29 | >0.10 | 0.50 |
| Adjustment | 54.14 | 9.09 | 56.00 | 9.29 | >0.10 | −0.20 |
| BASC-2 PRS | ||||||
| Externalizing | 50.15 | 8.47 | 52.38 | 8.01 | >0.10 | −0.27 |
| Internalizing | 47.77 | 7.92 | 52.15 | 8.04 | >0.10 | −0.55 |
| Behavioral | 48.00 | 8.60 | 52.23 | 7.93 | >0.10 | −0.51 |
| Adaptive | 54.54 | 10.82 | 49.92 | 6.12 | >0.10 | 0.53 |
*
Denotes a non-significant trend.
Demographic data are raw scores, whereas neuropsychological measures and BASC-2 measures are T-scores. Effect size is equal to Cohen's d except when otherwise indicated as Phi.
M, male; F, female; R, right; L, left; WM, working memory; PS, processing speed; EF, executive function; WRAT, Wide Range Achievement Test; BASC-2, Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition; SRP, Self-Report of Personality; PRS, Parent-Rating Scales.