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. 2011 Jun 3;47(2):794–818. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01278.x

Table 1.

Summary Statistics by Latino Citizenship/Nativity Category (2000–2007)

All Latinos U.S.-Born Latinos U.S. Naturalized Latinos ≤10 Years U.S. Naturalized Latinos >10 Years Noncitizen Latinos ≤10 Years Noncitizen Latinos >10 Years
N= Whites U.S.-Born 76,021 31,514 p-Value 12,173 p-Value 529 p-Value 5,272 p-Value 5,966 p-Value 7,574 p-Value
Outcome variables
 Any health expenditures 0.88 0.66 <.001 0.71 <.001 0.67 <.001 0.76 <.001 0.53 <.001 0.60 <.001
 Any OOP health spending 0.84 0.60 <.001 0.64 <.001 0.60 <.001 0.72 <.001 0.47 <.001 0.55 <.001
 Average health expenditures if any (U.S.$) 4,475.91 3,046.67 <.001 3,195.24 <.001 2,797.07 .007 3,703.47 <.001 2,219.01 <.001 2,785.46 <.001
 OOP share of spending if any 0.39 0.46 <.001 0.42 <.001 0.44 <.001 0.41 <.001 0.56 <.001 0.51 <.001
Sample characteristics
 Age <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
  Average age (year) 41.79 36.71 33.73 34.68 44.53 32.11 39.81
  18–24 0.12 0.19 0.31 0.23 0.05 0.21 0.09
  25–34 0.19 0.28 0.27 0.35 0.14 0.47 0.24
  35–44 0.24 0.25 0.20 0.21 0.30 0.21 0.35
  45–54 0.26 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.30 0.07 0.22
  55–64 0.19 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.22 0.03 0.11
 Sex <.001 <.001 .497 .038 <.001 <.001
  Female 0.52 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.50
 Marital status <.001 <.001 .967 <.001 .095 <.001
  Married 0.57 0.53 0.39 0.57 0.62 0.58 0.63
 Education attainment <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
  No high school degree 0.17 0.54 0.40 0.48 0.47 0.67 0.72
  High school degree 0.48 0.34 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.23 0.23
  College degree 0.18 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.02
  Advanced degree 0.18 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.09 0.05 0.03
 Household income <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
  <100% federal poverty line (FPL) 0.09 0.23 0.21 0.26 0.17 0.30 0.26
  100–200% FPL 0.14 0.33 0.26 0.29 0.29 0.41 0.41
  >200% FPL 0.77 0.44 0.53 0.46 0.55 0.29 0.33
 Employment status <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
  Unemployed 0.17 0.25 0.23 0.29 0.24 0.28 0.25
 Health status <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
  Poor 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.03
  Fair 0.09 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.16 0.11 0.15
  Good 0.25 0.33 0.30 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.36
  Very good 0.34 0.28 0.30 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.26
  Excellent 0.29 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.21 0.23 0.19
 Health insurance <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
  Uninsured 0.12 0.39 0.27 0.39 0.28 0.62 0.49
  Private non-HMO 0.49 0.21 0.27 0.21 0.25 0.12 0.16
  Private HMO 0.30 0.23 0.27 0.20 0.31 0.11 0.19
  Medicaid 0.07 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.16
  Medicare 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.01
  Other public insurance 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00
 Usual source of care 0.80 0.57 <.001 0.64 <.001 0.57 <.001 0.69 <.001 0.41 <.001 0.52 <.001
 Interview language <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
  English 1.00 0.54 0.85 0.47 0.57 0.19 0.30
 Location <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
  Urban 0.75 0.89 0.87 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90
 Census region <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
  Northeast 0.17 0.11 0.09 0.30 0.20 0.08 0.07
  Midwest 0.28 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.05
  South 0.35 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.33 0.41 0.29
  West 0.19 0.47 0.44 0.16 0.40 0.45 0.58
 Survey year <.001 .075 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
  2000 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.08
  2001 0.14 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.10 0.10
  2002 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.14 0.14 0.12
  2003 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.15 0.13
  2004 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.15
  2005 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15
  2006 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14
  2007 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

Notes. Data sources: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and National Health Interview Survey (2000–2007).

OOP, out-of-pocket expenditures.