Table 2.
Two-Part Model for Health Spending and OOP
| 1 Any Health Expenditures | 2 Any OOP | 3 Total Expenditure if Any | 4 OOP Share if Any | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratios | p-Value | Odds Ratios | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Whites | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Latinos | 0.60 | .00 | 0.62 | .00 | −0.25 | .00 | 0.00 | .38 |
| Citizenship/years in the United States | ||||||||
| U.S.-born | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Naturalized citizens | ||||||||
| ≤10 years | 0.77 | .08 | 0.76 | .06 | −0.09 | .00 | 0.01 | .04 |
| >10 years | 1.02 | .80 | 1.01 | .86 | 0.00 | .99 | 0.02 | .38 |
| Noncitizen | ||||||||
| ≤10 years | 0.85 | .01 | 0.81 | .00 | −0.16 | .00 | 0.02 | .00 |
| >10 years | 0.85 | .01 | 0.87 | .02 | −0.09 | .04 | 0.02 | .03 |
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–24 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 25–34 | 0.96 | .31 | 1.00 | .97 | 0.14 | .00 | −0.01 | .03 |
| 35–44 | 0.98 | .63 | 1.01 | .72 | 0.19 | .00 | −0.01 | .33 |
| 45–54 | 1.31 | .00 | 1.44 | .00 | 0.50 | .00 | 0.00 | .61 |
| 55–64 | 1.83 | .00 | 2.13 | .00 | 0.85 | .00 | 0.00 | .94 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 2.70 | .00 | 2.63 | .00 | 0.41 | .00 | −0.01 | .02 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 1.04 | .17 | 1.01 | .64 | 0.02 | .19 | −0.04 | .00 |
| Education attainment | ||||||||
| No high school degree | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| High school degree | 1.22 | .00 | 1.20 | .00 | 0.11 | .00 | 0.01 | .08 |
| College degree | 2.39 | .00 | 2.20 | .00 | 0.25 | .00 | 0.02 | .00 |
| Advanced degree | 2.18 | .00 | 1.97 | .00 | 0.28 | .00 | 0.01 | .09 |
| Household income | ||||||||
| <100% federal poverty line (FPL) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 100–200% FPL | 1.04 | .36 | 1.02 | .63 | −0.01 | .62 | 0.01 | .01 |
| >200% FPL | 1.27 | .00 | 1.28 | .00 | 0.08 | .00 | 0.00 | .71 |
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 1.04 | .33 | 1.04 | .29 | 0.27 | .00 | −0.01 | .00 |
| Health status | ||||||||
| Poor | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Fair | 0.44 | .00 | 0.43 | .00 | −0.58 | .00 | 0.03 | .00 |
| Good | 0.25 | .00 | 0.26 | .00 | −1.09 | .00 | 0.07 | .00 |
| Very good | 0.21 | .00 | 0.21 | .00 | −1.39 | .00 | 0.09 | .00 |
| Excellent | 0.15 | .00 | 0.15 | .00 | −1.63 | .00 | 0.11 | .00 |
| Health insurance | ||||||||
| Uninsured | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Private non-HMO | 0.37 | .00 | 0.43 | .00 | −0.60 | .00 | 0.42 | .00 |
| Private HMO | 1.04 | .28 | 1.03 | .26 | 0.09 | .00 | 0.03 | .00 |
| Medicaid | 1.21 | .00 | 0.49 | .00 | 0.20 | .00 | −0.14 | .00 |
| Medicare | 1.35 | .04 | 1.62 | .00 | 0.36 | .00 | 0.06 | .00 |
| Other public insurance | 1.51 | .11 | 1.70 | .02 | 0.06 | .48 | 0.21 | .00 |
| Usual source of care | 3.14 | .00 | 2.87 | .00 | 0.45 | .00 | −0.08 | .00 |
| Interview language | ||||||||
| English response | 1.20 | .00 | 1.19 | .00 | 0.22 | .00 | −0.02 | .01 |
| Location | ||||||||
| Urban | 1.06 | .06 | 1.03 | .31 | 0.07 | .00 | −0.02 | .00 |
| Census region | ||||||||
| Northeast | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Midwest | 1.04 | .43 | 1.09 | .03 | 0.09 | .00 | 0.01 | .18 |
| South | 0.94 | .15 | 1.08 | .03 | 0.03 | .17 | 0.05 | .00 |
| West | 0.98 | .65 | 1.02 | .56 | 0.02 | .24 | 0.02 | .00 |
| Survey year | ||||||||
| 2000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 2001 | 1.14 | .01 | 1.10 | .03 | 0.12 | .00 | −0.01 | .09 |
| 2002 | 1.15 | .01 | 1.11 | .02 | 0.12 | .00 | −0.01 | .32 |
| 2003 | 1.21 | .00 | 1.15 | .00 | 0.14 | .00 | 0.00 | .38 |
| 2004 | 1.05 | .33 | 1.03 | .59 | 0.17 | .00 | −0.01 | .02 |
| 2005 | 1.11 | .04 | 1.08 | .11 | 0.17 | .00 | −0.01 | .02 |
| 2006 | 1.09 | .09 | 1.06 | .25 | 0.13 | .00 | −0.01 | .29 |
| 2007 | 1.14 | .01 | 1.07 | .18 | 0.11 | .00 | −0.03 | .00 |
| Constant | 6.86 | .00 | 0.37 | .00 | ||||
| R2 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.23 | ||||
| N | 107,535 | 107,535 | 87,419 | 82,998 | ||||
Notes. Data sources: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and National Health Interview Survey (2000–2007).
Models in columns 1 and 2 run regressions among all individuals in our sample. Regressions in columns 3 and 4 are conditional on reporting any health spending. All regression models include year fixed effects.
OOP, out -f-pocket expenditures.