Table 3.
Any Health Expenditures | Any OOP | Total Expenditure if Any | OOP Share if Any | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratios | p-Value | Odds Ratios | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | |
Model 1: uninsured population | ||||||||
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
Whites | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Latinos | 0.61 | .00 | 0.59 | .00 | −0.30 | .00 | −0.01 | .50 |
Citizenship/years in the United States | ||||||||
U.S.-born | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Naturalized citizens | ||||||||
≤10 years | 0.77 | .24 | 0.77 | .22 | 0.11 | .55 | 0.06 | .07 |
>10 years | 1.03 | .78 | 1.06 | .59 | −0.02 | .83 | 0.04 | .04 |
Noncitizen | ||||||||
≤10 years | 0.93 | .38 | 0.93 | .38 | −0.03 | .71 | 0.03 | .12 |
>10 years | 1.00 | .97 | 1.01 | .92 | −0.13 | .08 | 0.06 | .00 |
Model 2: privately-insured population | ||||||||
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
Whites | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Latinos | 0.60 | .00 | 0.64 | .00 | −0.26 | .00 | 0.00 | .45 |
Citizenship/years in the United States | ||||||||
U.S.-born | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Naturalized citizens | ||||||||
<10 years | 0.76 | .17 | 0.65 | .04 | −0.09 | .01 | 0.00 | .86 |
≥10 years | 1.03 | .76 | 1.01 | .91 | −0.06 | .58 | 0.00 | .54 |
Noncitizen | ||||||||
≤10 years | 0.78 | .02 | 0.78 | .01 | −0.07 | .29 | 0.02 | .14 |
>10 years | 0.75 | .00 | 0.80 | .01 | −0.13 | .01 | 0.00 | .73 |
Model 3: Population with public insurance only | ||||||||
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
Whites | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Latinos | 0.59 | .00 | 0.61 | .00 | −0.26 | .00 | −0.01 | .54 |
Citizenship/years in the United States | ||||||||
U.S.-born | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Naturalized citizens | ||||||||
<10 years | 1.36 | .52 | 1.85 | .04 | −0.19 | .03 | −0.05 | .18 |
≥10 years | 1.12 | .59 | 0.99 | .96 | 0.14 | .41 | 0.02 | .24 |
Noncitizen | ||||||||
≤10 years | 0.73 | .09 | 0.57 | .00 | −0.34 | .00 | 0.03 | .29 |
>10 years | 0.74 | .06 | 0.77 | .04 | −0.36 | .00 | 0.02 | .43 |
Notes. Data sources: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and National Health Interview Survey (2000–2007).
All explantory variables in each model are excluded for brevity, but they are available from the authors.
OOP, out-of-pocket expenditures.