Table 3.
Regression Results
| Variables time period | (1) OLS without covariates† 2004–2007 | (2) OLS with covariates† 2004–2007 | (3) OLS-comparison for (4)† 2004–2006 | (4) 2SLS‡ 2004–2006 | (5) FE† 2004–2007 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insurance | 0.058 (0.011)*** | 0.045 (0.010)*** | 0.024 (0.020) | 0.220 (0.121)* | 0.009 (0.005)* |
| Chronic_1 | 0.033 (0.047) | 0.065 (0.060) | 0.050 (0.048) | 0.022 (0.032) | |
| Size | 0.072 (0.031)*** | 0.114 (0.065)* | 0.115 (0.091) | −0.125 (0.049)*** | |
| Age | 0.073 (0.028)** | −0.052 (0.053) | −0.020 (0.066) | −0.031 (0.040) | |
| Gender_1 | −0.106 (0.115) | −0.375 (0.120)*** | −0.374 (0.106)*** | – | |
| Occupation_1 | −0.104 (0.069) | −1.186 (0.453)*** | −0.842 (0.537) | – | |
| Education_1 | 0.318 (0.058)*** | 0.314 (0.066)*** | 0.273 (0.082)*** | – | |
| Subsidy_1 | −0.496 (0.090)*** | – | – | 0.029 (0.061) | |
| Literacy | 0.008 (0.505) | 0.571 (0.515) | 0.736 (0.527) | – | |
| Distance § | 0.027 (0.028) | 0.017 (0.029) | 0.014 (0.021) | 0.048 (0.033) | |
| Water_2 | −0.150 (0.176) | −0.424 (0.274) | −0.480 (0.190)*** | 0.051 (0.098) | |
| Water_3 | 0.047 (0.133) | 0.005 (0.146) | −0.044 (0.182) | −0.012 (0.067) | |
| Year_5 | −0.132 (0.038)*** | −0.161 (0.041)*** | −0.192 (0.035)*** | −0.157 (0.027)*** | |
| Year_6 | −0.149 (0.057)*** | – | – | −0.085 (0.031)*** | |
| Year_7 | – | 0.141 (0.072)* | – | – | 0.124 (0.034)*** |
| F-statistic | 30 (p = .00) | 8.97 (p = .00) | 4.86 (p = .00) | – | 10.68 (p = .000) |
| R2 | 0.013 | 0.074 | 0.128 | – | 0.0007 |
| No. of clusters | 890 | 890 | 846 | 31 | 890 |
| No. of observations | 3,144 | 3,144 | 1,588 | 1,588 | 3,144 |
| First stageF-statistic | – | – | – | 16.47 (p = .0003) | – |
Notes. Refer to Table 1 for variable definitions. Subsidy that came into effect in 2007 was included in only models (1) and (2). Eligibility was included in only model (4) as an instrumental variable. For model (5), only time-varying variables were included. Standard errors in parentheses.
Standard errors were adjusted for clustering at the household level.
Standard errors were adjusted for clustering at the VillageCluster level as the instrumental variable was dependent on village clusters.
Distance was considered a time-varying variable because the number of health facilities in this region increased over the years. Therefore, it was included in the FE model.
1%,
5%, and
10% significance levels.
2SLS, two-stage least squares; FE, fixed effects; OLS, ordinary least squares.