Figure 3.

Effects of flupirtine on various ligand-gated ion channels. The indicated concentrations of (A) glutamate (Glu) or (B) NMDA were applied to hippocampal neurons. (C) Capsaicin was applied to DRG neurons. (D) Rat α3 and β4 subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were expressed in tsA cells, and the indicated concentration of ACh was applied. All cells were clamped at a voltage of −70 mV using the perforated patch-clamp technique. The representative current traces shown were obtained in the presence of either solvent (control) or 30 µM flupirtine. A summary of the effects of flupirtine is given in Table 2.