Differential nucleocytoplasmic localizations of DP1 confer its dual roles in Wnt/β-catenin signalling during Xenopus anteroposterior neural patterning. (A) Subcellular localization of DP1 was assessed from early neurula (stages 13–14) Xenopus dorsal explants. Dashed lines indicate midlines of the explants. Scale bar, 20 μm. (B, C) Combinatorial effects of Wnt8 with WT DP1 (DP1) or NLS-DP1 on Twist, En2, BF1 and XAG expression analysed by in situ hybridization (B) and RT–PCR (C). Similar results were obtained from three independent experiments. (D) Rescuing effects of Flag-tagged forms of WT DP1, NLS-DP1 and DNA-binding domain deficient DP1 (ΔDB) on xDP1-MO induced changes of markers (Twist, En2, BF1 and XAG). Injection doses: Flag–DP1, Flag–NLS-DP1, Flag–DP1ΔDB: 2 ng, xDP1-MO: 40 ng.