Table 1.
Indications for diagnostic and therapeutic direct peroral cholangioscopy
| Indication | DPOC diagnosis | Final diagnosis | Performance of sphincteroplasty | Largest bile duct diameter (mm) |
| Obstructive jaundice | Extrinsic stricture | Pancreatic cancer | Yes | 18 |
| Obstructive jaundice | Extrinsic stricture | Chronic pancreatitis | No | 12 |
| Suspicion for missed stones by ERCP | Stone in the main bile duct | Missed stone by ERCP | Yes | 17 |
| Difficult-to-remove bile duct stone | Large CBD stone | DPOC-guided laser lithotripsy followed by stone removal | Yes | 11 |
| Biliary stricture in a patient with PSC | Benign stricture | Benign PSC stricture | Yes | 10 |
| Biliary filling defect on MRI | Intraductal tumor | Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with intraductal extension | Yes | 10 |
| Suspicion for missed stone(s) by ERCP | No stones found | Yes | 8 | |
| Abnormal LFTs in a post liver transplantation patient | Missed stones during ERCP | Missed stones during ERCP | No | 11 |
| Surveillance after biliary polypectomy | Complete removal of the polyp | Yes | 9 | |
| Difficult-to-remove bile duct stones | Four stones in the main bile duct | DPOC-guided laser lithotripsy followed by stone removal | Yes | 13 |
| Suspected polyp in CBD | Stone in CBD | CBD stone | Yes | 20 |
| Suspicion for missed stones by ERCP | No stones found | Yes | 15 | |
| Difficult-to-remove bile duct stone | Large CBD stones | DPOC-guided laser lithotripsy followed by stone removal | Yes | 22 |
| Difficult-to-remove bile duct stone | Large stone above anastomotic stricture | DPOC-guided laser lithotripsy followed by stone removal | Yes | 16 |
DPOC: Diagnostic and therapeutic direct peroral cholangioscopy; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; CBD: Common bile duct; LFTs: Liver function tests; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.