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Active DNA demethylation. Two pathways are illustrated. (A) The 5-methylcytosine demethylase hydrolyzes 5-methylcytosine to cytosine and water (38). (B) The 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylase abstracts 5-methylcytosine from the phosphodiester backbone, which then is repaired by using endonuclease (43, 44).
