Figure 4:

Differences between antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia. Vertical bars denote ±standard error of the mean. P-value denotes significance test of cardioplegia direction allocation in repeated-measures ANOVA. (a) Myocardial arteriovenous (A-V) differences in oxygen during aortic occlusion. (b) Concentration of lactate in myocardial biopsies obtained after bolus cardioplegia (II), at 60 min of aortic occlusion (III) and at 20 min after release of aortic occlusion (IV). All values are subtracted from control biopsy obtained before aortic occlusion (I). (c) LVSWI difference in the postoperative period. All time points subtracted from preoperative value.