Figure 2.

The results of three mother-child intervention studies showing that maternal interventions result in lowered colonization rates in the offspring. The studies were conducted in Finland, Sweden, and Japan and vary in the timing of the intervention and dose of xylitol; the circled areas indicate where the results are similar (Fig. courtesy of Dr. Eva Söderling, University of Turku). Significance tests are indicated as follows: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.