Figure 7.

Scheme of proposed signaling pathway used by bradykinin to stimulate proliferation in A498 cells. This scheme is described in the Discussion section.

Notes: BK stimulates ERK through the B₂ receptor-G_q/11 pathway, which includes the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC), PLC-dependent Ca²⁺ mobilization, and calmodulin (CaM) activity. BK B₂ receptors stimulate NHE1 activity, which is necessary for the ERK-dependent proliferation of A498 cells. The dashed line indicates a putative pathway used by BK to activate NHE upstream of ERK.

Abbreviations: BK, bradykinin; ERK, extracellular acidification rate; NHE, Na⁺/H⁺ exchange.