Table 2.
Vision-related characteristics and PHQ-9 depression classification of participants with and without self-reported glaucoma
| Self-reported no glaucoma (N=6307) Mean or %a (Std Error) |
Self-reported glaucoma (N=453) Mean or %a (Std Error) |
P valueb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vision Exam | ||||
| LogMar BCVA, worse eye | 0.176(0.0037) | 0.254 (0.017) | <.001 | |
| VCDR, better eye | 0.363 (0.0026) | 0.449 (0.0122) | <.001 | |
| Any visual field defect, one or both eyes | 6.0% (0.38%) | 29.6% (3.2%) | <.001 | |
| Visual field defect classification, worse eye | ||||
| Normal | 74.4% (0.88%) | 49.8% (3.8%) | ||
| Early | 12.7% (0.53%) | 10.4% (1.6%) | <.001 | |
| Moderate | 10.2% (0.57%) | 24.9% (2.8%) | ||
| Severe | 2.7% (0.23%) | 15.0% (2.2%) | ||
| Number of topical glaucoma medications | ||||
| 1 | 0.20% (0.00%) | 17.0% (2.1%) | ||
| 2 | 0% (0%) | 7.2% (1.5%) | <.001 | |
| 3 | 0% (0%) | 2.7% (0.64%) | ||
|
| ||||
| Self-reported vision-related status | ||||
| Has trouble seeing even with glasses or contacts General condition of eyesight |
22.0% (0.94%) | 40.9% (3.6%) | <.001 | |
| Excellent or Good | 82.1% (0.88%) | 69.7% (3.3%) | ||
| Fair | 14.4% (0.71%) | 19.9% (3.2%) | <.001 | |
| Poor or Very Poor | 3.5% (0.31%) | 10.5% (1.4%) | ||
| Time worrying about eyesight | ||||
| None of the time or a little of the time | 77.0% (0.83%) | 64.3% (2.6%) | ||
| Some of the time | 15.78% (0.63%) | 18.4% (2.1%) | <.001 | |
| Most of the time or all of the time | 7.2% (0.35%) | 17.3% (2.5%) | ||
| Vision limits how long a subject can perform activities | ||||
| None of the time or a little of the time | 95.4% (3.4%) | 85.5% (2.0%) | ||
| Some of the time | 3.1% (0.28%) | 7.9% (1.9%) | <.001 | |
| Most of the time or all of the time | 1.5% (0.14%) | 6.6% (1.1%) | ||
| Total score on vision difficulty questionsc | 1.38 (0.053) | 3.03 (0.263) | <.001 | |
| Prior cataract surgery | 9.8% (0.51%) | 34.3% (3.7%) | <.001 | |
| AMD | 3.1% (0.21%) | 8.1% (1.2%) | <.001 | |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 2.3% (0.23%) | 10.0% (1.2%) | <.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Depression | ||||
| Depression severity by PHQ-9 | ||||
| None | 78.3% (1.1%) | 74.0% (2.8%) | ||
| Mild | 14.8% (0.70%) | 15.2% (2.6%) | ||
| Moderate | 4.6% (0.42%) | 5.3% (1.4%) | 0.03 | |
| Moderately severe | 1.6% (0.18%) | 3.8% (1.6%) | ||
| Severe | 0.64% (0.14%) | 1.9% (0.59%) | ||
| Depression presence (Score ≥10) | 6.9% (0.62%) | 10.9% (2.2%) | 0.02 | |
PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire 9, a self-administered version of the depression module of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) diagnostic instrument; BCVA = best corrected visual acuity; VCDR = vertical cup to disk ratio; AMD = age-related macular degeneration
AII means, proportions, and standard errors are weighted estimates of the US population characteristics, taking into account NHANES' complex sampling design
All p values are unadjusted. P values were calculated using Wald test for continuous variables, and design-adjusted Rao-Scott Pearson chi-squared test for categorical variables
Vision difficulty questions included the following: How much difficulty do you have in reading ordinary print in newspapers; how much difficulty do you have doing work or hobbies that require you to see well up close such as cooking, sewing, fixing things around the house, or using hand tools; how much difficulty do you have going down steps, stairs, or curbs in dim light or at night; how much difficulty do you have noticing objects off to the side while you are walking; how much difficulty do you have finding something on a crowded shelf; and how much difficulty do you have driving during the daytime in familiar places. Individual questions were scored on a 5-pt scale ranging from 0 - no difficulty to 4 - unable to do because of eyesight.