. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Ophthalmol. 2012 Jul 11;154(3):436–444.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.03.039

Table 3.

Odds ratios for depression screener PHQ-9 score ≥10 among participants with self-reported glaucoma compared to participants without self-reported glaucoma, with successive addition of potential confounders

	Self-reported glaucoma OR^a (95% CI)
Unadjusted	1.66 (1.09-2.53)
+Age	2.15 (1.42-3.25)
+Sex	2.19 (1.44-3.33)
+Ethnicity	2.12 (1.39-3.23)
+Socioeconomic status^b	1.80 (1.16-2.79)
+Comorbidities^c	1.59 (1.01-2.52)
+General health condition	1.35 (0.822 -2.23)

PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire 9, a self-administered version of the depression module of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) diagnostic instrument.

Reference group: participants without self-reported glaucoma

Socioeconomic status variables included annual household income and education level.

Comorbidities include stroke, thyroid disease, emphysema, liver disease, and cancer. Comorbidities which were not significant in the model and therefore not included were BMI, CHF, diabetes, angina, CHD, MI, chronic bronchitis, self-reported history of cataract operation, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.