Table 4.
Predictors for depression screener PHQ-9 score ≥10 among participants with self-reported glaucoma, adjusted for potential confoundersaObjective measures
| OR (95% CI) | P valueb | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Objective measures | |||
| LogMar BCVA, worse eye | 13.5 (0.553-328.2) | 0.11 | |
| VCDR, better eye | 13.9 (0.281-686.6) | 0.18 | |
| Any visual field defect | 1.06 (0.660-1.70) | 0.81 | |
| Binocular visual field defect | 1.25 (0.671-2.35) | .465 | |
| Visual field defect classification, worst eye | Normal | 1.00 | |
| Early | 0.711 (0.474-1.07) | 0.35 | |
| Moderate | 0.803 (0.554-.17) | ||
| Severe | 1.06 (0.544-2.06) | ||
| Number of topical glaucoma medications | 0 | 1.00 | |
| 1 | 1.29 (0.282-5.92) | 0.94 | |
| 2 | 0.756 (0.083-6.85) | ||
| 3 | 2.13 (0.120-37.9) | ||
| Use of topical beta blockers | 1.21 (0.305-4.78) | .782 | |
|
| |||
| General self-reported vision status | |||
| General condition of eyesight | Excellent or Good | 1.00 | |
| Fair | 2.85 (0.899-9.03) | 0.12 | |
| Poor or Very Poor None of the time or a little of the | 4.65 (0.663-32.6) | ||
| Time spent worrying about eyesight | time | 1.00 | |
| Some of the time | 4.03 (1.51-10.8) | 0.005 | |
| Most of the time or all of the time | 8.36 (2.44-28.7) | ||
| Vision limits how long a subject can perform activities |
None of the time or a little of the time |
1.00 | |
| Some of the time | 4.43 (0.772-25.4) | 0.001 | |
| Most of the time or all of the time | 9.27 (3.23-26.6) | ||
| Has trouble seeing even with glasses or contact | s | 3.12 (1.38-7.06) | 0.008 |
|
| |||
| Self-reported vision-related difficulty | |||
| Total score on vision difficulty questions | 1.15 (1.06-1.26) | 0.002 | |
| Difficulty reading ordinary newsprint | No difficulty | 1.00 | |
| A little difficulty | 1.94 (0.233-16.2) | ||
| Moderate difficulty | 3.75 (0.762-18.4) | 0.13 | |
| Extreme difficulty | 7.59 (1.42-40.5) | ||
| Unable to do because of eyesight | 3.96 (0.601-26.1) | ||
| Difficulty doing close work | No difficulty | 1.00 | |
| A little difficulty | 3.74 (0.742-18.9) | ||
| Moderate difficulty | 2.30 (0.457-11.5) | 0.005 | |
| Extreme difficulty | 17.3 (3.83-78.4) | ||
| Unable to do because of eyesight | 1.95 (0.204-18.7) | ||
| Difficulty with steps | No difficulty | 1.00 | |
| A little difficulty | 4.98 (1.44-17.2) | ||
| Moderate difficulty | 10.1 (2.32-43.7) | <.001 | |
| Extreme difficulty | 41.7 (12.7-136.7) | ||
| Unable to do because of eyesight | 3.31(0.169-64.6) | ||
| Difficulty with side vision | No difficulty | 1.00 | |
| A little difficulty | 3.82 (1.11-13.2) | ||
| Moderate difficulty | 2.14 (0.482-9.48) | 0.001 | |
| Extreme difficulty | 8.29 (1.26-54.5) | ||
| Unable to do because of eyesight | 12.8 (1.41-117.1) | ||
| Difficulty finding things on crowded shelf | No difficulty | 1.00 | |
| A little difficulty | 1.92 (0.809-4.56) | ||
| Moderate difficulty | 1.29 (0.312-5.34) | 0.06 | |
| Extreme difficulty | 12.1 (2.15-68.7) | ||
| Unable to do because of eyesight | 1.73 (0.140-21.2) | ||
| Difficulty driving during the daytime | No difficulty | 1.00 | |
| A little difficulty | 5.64 (0.529-60.1) | ||
| Moderate difficulty | 103.4 (7.16-1493.3) | 0.04 | |
| Extreme difficulty | 17.8 (0.195-1617.9) | ||
| Unable to do because of eyesight | 3.93 (0.148-104.0) | ||
PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire 9, a self-administered version of the depression module of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) diagnostic instrument; BCVA = best corrected visual acuity; VCDR = vertical cup to disk ratio
a
All odds ratios are calculated from multivariate logistic regression models and are adjusted for the following confounders: age, sex, race, education level, income, general health condition, and comorbidities of stroke, thyroid disease, emphysema, liver disease, and cancer.
b
P values are from design-adjusted Wald test.