Table 3. Crude and adjusteda changes from baseline to 3 years for MHQ and AIMS2 Scales.

	Crude change		Adjusted Change		Adjusted Differenced With Imputatione
	SMPA	Non-SMPA	SMPA	Non-SMPA
MHQb	N = 40	N = 71	N = 40	N = 71	N = 111	N = 162
Overall	18 (12, 24)	2 (−.4, 5)	19 (15, 22)	3 (−.1, 5)	16** (12, 21)	14 (−1, 30)
Function	21 (13, 28)	−2 (−5, 1)	21(17, 26)	−1 (−5, 2)	22** (17, 28)	18 (0, 36)*
ADLf	17 (12, 23)	2 (−2, 5)	18 (14, 22)	2 (−1, 5)	16** (11, 21)	21 (11, 32) **
Work	8 (1, 14)	2 (−2, 7)	8 (3, 13)	3 (−1, 7)	6 (−1, 12)	10 (−12, 33)
Pain	9 (−.8, 18)	3 (−2, 7)	10 (4, 15)	3 (−1, 8)	6 (−1, 13)	8 (−14, 30)
Aesthetics	28 (19, 37)	5 (.6, 9)	28 (23, 33)	5 (1, 9)	23** (16, 29)	20 (4, 37)*
Satisfaction	28 (19, 36)	4 (−.5, 9)	28 (22, 33)	4 (−.0, 9)	24** (17, 31)	19 (4, 33)*
AIMS2c	N = 40	N = 71	N = 40	N = 71	N = 111	N = 162
Physical	.1 (−.2, .5)	−.0 (−.3, .2)	.2 (−.1, .5)	−.0 (−.3, .2)	.2 (−.1, .6)	.7 (−1.1, 2.5)
Affect	.3 (−.3, .8)	.2 (−.1, .5)	.3 (−.1, .6)	.2 (−.1, .5)	.1 (−.4, .5)	.3 (−1.1, 1.8)
Symptom	.7 (.1, 1.3)	.1 (−.4, .5)	.7 (.2, 1.2)	.1 (−.3, .5)	.6 (−.0, 1.2)	.2 (−1.3, 1.8)
Social Interaction	.1 (−.4, .6)	−.0 (−.3, .3)	.1 (−.3, .4)	−.0 (−.3, .3)	.1 (−.3, .6)	.2 (−1.0, 1.5)

Cell values are means (95% confidence interval).

^aUsing random effects model with baseline and year 3 outcome values as dependent variable and adjusted for baseline values of the outcome variable, age, gender, baseline severity stage, education level, income level, study site, 3 year indicator, SMPA group indicator and SMPA group by 3 year time interaction.

^bPositive values reflect improvement; calculated as 3 year minus baseline values for all scales, except pain where it is baseline minus 3 year values.

^cChanges are calculated as baseline minus 3 year values so that positive values reflect improvement

^dBetween group differences at three years; positive scores reflect better outcomes in SMPA group relative to non-surgical group

^eBased on five imputations

^fActivities of daily living

^*P < 0.05

^**P < 0.001.