Table 1.
Patient and hospital characteristics by surgical volume
| Characteristics | Very-low (n = 92) | Low (n = 20) | Medium (n = 10) | High (n = 3) | Very-high (n = 1) | P value |
| Age (mean ± SD) (yr) | 62.2 ± 10.7 | 62.1 ± 10.2 | 62.1 ± 10.5 | 61.2 ± 9.9 | 59.9 ± 10.3 | 0.077 |
| Sex ratio (M:F) | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.282 |
| Admission route | < 0.001 | |||||
| Outpatient department (%) | 803 (78.6) | 774 (77.0) | 788 (77.3) | 901 (84.4) | 593 (68.9) | |
| Emergency room (%) | 218 (21.4) | 231 (23.0) | 232 (22.7) | 167 (15.6) | 268 (31.1) | |
| Charlson comorbidity score | 0.193 | |||||
| < 3 (%) | 683 (66.9) | 651 (64.8) | 680 (66.7) | 667 (62.5) | 554 (64.3) | |
| ≥ 3 (%) | 338 (33.1) | 354 (35.2) | 340 (33.3) | 401 (37.5) | 307 (35.7) | |
| Type of medical security | < 0.001 | |||||
| Health insurance (%) | 919 (90.0) | 925 (92.0) | 955 (93.6) | 1048 (98.1) | 841 (97.7) | |
| Medical aid (%) | 102 (10.0) | 80 (8.0) | 65 (6.4) | 20 (1.9) | 20 (2.3) | |
| Type of operation | < 0.001 | |||||
| CPD (%) | 604 (59.2) | 420 (41.8) | 361 (35.4) | 325 (30.4) | 301 (35.0) | |
| PPPD (%) | 417 (40.8) | 585 (58.2) | 659 (64.6) | 743 (69.6) | 560 (65.0) | |
| Average annual volume | < 10 | 10-18 | 19-35 | 54-111 | 215 | 9.91 |
1
Denotes average annual surgical volume of all hospitals. SD: Standard deviation; M: Male; F: Female; CPD: Classical pancreaticoduodenectomy; PPPD: Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy.