Table 1.

Examples of first-order logic symbols used in this work

Symbol type	Example	Description
Constant	Liver transplantation Left knee surgery	Treatment concept cluster
	Infection Profound hypertension	Problem concept cluster
Predicate	coreference (i,j)	i and j are variables referring to the ith and the jth concepts in a text. coreference (i,j) indicates that the two concepts are the same instance
Predicate	conceptCluster(i,c)	i indicates the ith concept and c indicates a concept cluster. conceptCluster(i,c) indicates that the concept cluster of the ith concept is c
	exactMatch(i,j)	The string of the ith concept matches with the jth concept.
Atom	coreference (i,j), coreference (1,j) conceptCluster(i,c), conceptCluster(i, ‘treatment’)
Rule/formula	$\mathit{exactMatch}\left(i,j\right)\wedge \mathit{conceptCluster}\left(\mathit{i},+\mathit{c}\right)\Rightarrow \mathit{coreference}\left(i,j\right)$ or $\mathit{coreference}\left(\mathit{i},j\right):-\text{exactMatch}\left(\mathit{i},j\right)\wedge \text{conceptCluster}\left(i,+c\right)$	If the string of the ith concept matches with the jth concept, and they belong to the same concept cluster, the two concepts are the same instance.