Table 4.

Multivariate models of program and contextual-level factors and low CD4 cell count among cohorts initiating antiretroviral therapy.

	Model 1 [AOR (95% CI)], site/program level	Model 2 [AOR (95% CI)], contextual level	Model 3 [AOR (95% CI)], site/program + contextual level
Program-level factors
Setting
Rural	1		1
Urban	1.8 (1.1–2.9)		2.1 (1.3–3.3)
Availability of CD4 test
Onsite	1
Offsite	0.56 (0.36–0.88)
Availability of PMTCT
Onsite	1		1
Offsite	0.49 (0.25–0.98)		0.73 (0.37–1.4)
Unaffiliated with a PMTCT program	4.1 (1.1–15.1)		3.6 (1.0–12.8)
Access to outreach services
Not present	1.1 (0.74–1.7)		0.88 (0.58–1.3)
Pre-ART and ART	1		1
ART patients only	2.1 (1.3–3.5)		2.4 (1.5–3.9)
No. of adherence support programs
0–3	2.0 (1.3–3.2)		1.6 (1.0–2.5)
4–5	0.96 (0.60–1.5)		0.94 (0.6–1.5)
≥6	1		1
No. of provider per 1000 patients
<4	1.9 (1.1–3.5)		2.3 (1.3–4.0)
4–9	1.7 (1.0–2.8)		1.8 (1.1–3.0)
9.1–18	1.5 (0.99–2.4)		1.6 (1.0–2.5)
>18	1		1
Cohort size
≤19	2.6 (1.4–4.7)		2.5 (1.4–4.5)
20–42	1.69 (0.97–2.9)		1.7 (0.98–2.8)
43–88	1.52 (0.97–2.4)		1.5 (0.96–2.3)
≥89	1		1
Contextual-level factors
Percentage have heard of AIDS		0.92 (0.86–0.98)	0.88 (0.83–0.93)
Percentage ever tested HIV and got results		0.94 (0.90–0.99)	0.95 (0.93–0.98)
Percentage know limiting one sexual partner reduces HIV risk		1.06 (1.03–1.11)	1.09 (1.06–1.11)
Calendar time of starting ART
2004-2	3.9 (0.85–17.4)	3.0 (0.72–12.3)	5.6 (1.2–25.5)
2005-1	4.8 (1.6–14.6)	4.6 (1.6–13.5)	6.8 (2.2–21.0)
2005-2	1.0 (0.50–2.3)	1.2 (0.58–2.6)	1.1 (0.5–2.5)
2006-1	1	1	1
2006-2	0.77 (0.43–1.4)	0.75 (0.43–1.3)	0.74 (0.40–1.3)
2007-1	0.60 (0.34–1.0)	0.53 (0.31–0.92)	0.54 (0.31–0.96)
2007-2	0.50 (0.28–0.89)	0.44 (0.26–0.76)	0.43 (0.24–0.77)
2008-1	0.35 (0.20–0.62)	0.34 (0.20–0.58)	0.29 (0.16–0.52)

AOR, adjusted odds ratio; ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; PMTCT, prevention of mother-to-child transmission.