Table 5.

Comparison of patient group (PG) data with those of three control groups (CG): CG1 (healthy nonobese and nonsmoking); CG2 (nondiabetic obese free from comorbidities); and CG3 (“all comers” – nondiabetics)

	Females				Males				Total sample
	PG (n = 45)	CG1 (n = 87)	CG2 (n = 38)	CG3 (n = 22)	PG (n = 55)	CG1 (n = 87)	CG2 (n = 17)	CG3 (n = 37)	PG (n = 100)	CG1 (n = 174)	CG2 (n = 55)	CG3 (n = 59)
Data are means ± standard deviation
Cigarette use (PY)	2 ± 1δ	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0†	0 ± 0#	21 ± 13	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0†	20 ± 22	20 ± 13	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0†	13 ± 20
Narghile use (NY)	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	23 ± 38δ	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0†	2 ± 8#	23 ± 38δ	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0†	1 ± 6#
Physical-activity score	8 ± 5δ	5 ± 4*	4 ± 2†	Not done	13 ± 7δ	7 ± 6*	7 ± 4†	Not done	11 ± 7δ	6 ± 5*	5 ± 3†	Not done
Age (years)	55 ± 8δ	56 ± 10	53 ± 10	61 ± 10#	54 ± 8	58 ± 11*	57 ± 11	56 ± 12	54 ± 8δ	57 ± 10*	54 ± 10	58 ± 12#
Weight (kg)	80 ± 16δ	63 ± 8*	79 ± 6	80 ± 15	82 ± 11δ	77 ± 9*	90 ± 9†	92 ± 22#	81 ± 14δ	70 ± 11*	82 ± 9	87 ± 20#
Height (m)	1.56 ± 0.06	1.56 ± 0.07	1.57 ± 0.05	1.54 ± 0.06	1.70 ± 0.06	1.70 ± 0.06	1.68 ± 0.08	1.69 ± 0.07	1.64 ± 0.09	1.63 ± 0.10	1.61 ± 0.08†	1.63 ± 0.10
Body mass index (kg/m2)	33 ± 6δ	26 ± 2*	32 ± 1	34 ± 6	28 ± 4δ	26 ± 2*	32 ± 1†	32 ± 7#	30 ± 5δ	26 ± 2*	32 ± 1†	33 ± 6#
Parity (numerical)	4 ± 2δ	6 ± 3*	6 ± 2†	5 ± 3#
Dyspnearest (VAS)	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0δ	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	1 ± 1#	0 ± 0δ	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 1#
Dyspneaend (VAS)	3 ± 2δ	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0†	5 ± 2#	2 ± 2δ	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0†	4 ± 2#	2 ± 2δ	0 ± 0*	0 ± 0†	4 ± 2#
Heart raterest (%)	47 ± 7δ	45 ± 5*	46 ± 6	50 ± 7	46 ± 8	48 ± 6*	48 ± 6	47 ± 6	46 ± 7	47 ± 6	47 ± 6	48 ± 7
Heart rateend (%)	69 ± 10	71 ± 9	73 ± 10	68 ± 11	67 ± 12δ	87 ± 11*	85 ± 12†	73 ± 11#	68 ± 11δ	79 ± 13*	77 ± 12†	71 ± 11
Systolic pressurerest (mmHg)	131 ± 14δ	123 ± 16*	126 ± 13	139 ± 29	129 ± 12	136 ± 22*	132 ± 16	136 ± 20#	130 ± 13δ	130 ± 21	128 ± 14	137 ± 24#
Systolic pressureend (mmHg)	150 ± 17δ	152 ± 27	164 ± 25†	165 ± 31#	147 ± 16δ	176 ± 36*	178 ± 36†	158 ± 37	148 ± 16δ	164 ± 34*	168 ± 29†	161 ± 35#
Diastolic pressurerest (mmHg)	80 ± 9δ	72 ± 13*	76 ± 11	83 ± 19	79 ± 7	81 ± 16	76 ± 15	83 ± 11#	79 ± 8δ	76 ± 15	76 ± 13	83 ± 14#
Diastolic pressureend (mmHg)	86 ± 12δ	76 ± 13*	83 ± 11	91 ± 16	87 ± 9δ	79 ± 20*	87 ± 26	91 ± 14	86 ± 11δ	78 ± 17*	84 ± 17	91 ± 15#
Oxy-satrest (%)	98 ± 1δ	98 ± 1	97 ± 1†	96 ± 2#	98 ± 1δ	98 ± 1	97 ± 1	96 ± 2#	98 ± 1δ	98 ± 1	97 ± 1†	96 ± 2#
Oxy-satend (%)	97 ± 2δ	98 ± 1	97 ± 2	94 ± 5#	97 ± 2δ	97 ± 1	97 ± 1	94 ± 6#	97 ± 2δ	97 ± 1	97 ± 1	94 ± 5#
6MWD
(m)	513 ± 63δ	556 ± 75*	538 ± 73	398 ± 98#	609 ± 67δ	716 ± 82*	688 ± 72†	572 ± 97#	566 ± 81δ	636 ± 112*	585 ± 100	507 ± 129#
(%)	98 ± 11δ	100 ± 10	100 ± 8	82 ± 18#	84 ± 9δ	100 ± 8*	101 ± 7†	83 ± 11	90 ± 12δ	100 ± 9*	100 ± 8†	83 ± 14#
Percentage of patients with the following characteristics
Cigarette use	2%	0%	0%	0%	67%	0%*	0%†	68%	38%	0%*	0%†	42%
Narghile use	0%	0%	0%	0%	15%	0%*	0%†	16%	8%	0%*	0%†	10%
Chronic respiratory diseases	7%	0%*	0%†	82%#	13%	0%*	0%	63%#	10%	0%*	0%†	69%#
Arterial hypertension	44%	0%*	0%†	41%	31%	0%*	0%†	24%	37%	0%*	0%†	31%
Dyslipidemia history	18%	0%*	0%†		11%	0%*	0%		14%	0%*	0%†
Cardiovascular diseases	7%	0%*	0%†	14%	7%	0%*	0%	16%	7%	0%*	0%†	15%
Surgery history	38%	0%*	0%†	14%#	15%	0%*	0%†	3%#	25%	0%*	0%†	7%#
Beta-blocker use	13%	0%*	0%†	18%	7%	0%*	0%	5%	10%	0%*	0%†	10%
Low socioeconomic level	60%	70%	76%	91%#	16%	13%	59%†	19%	36%	41%	71%†	46%
Low schooling level	49%	70%*	66%	Not done	27%	53%*	12%	Not done	37%	61%*	49%	Not done
Sedentary status	71%	87%*	95%†	Not done	33%	72%*	71%†	Not done	50%	80%*	87%†	Not done
Obesity	69%	0%*	100%†	82%	31%	0%*	100%†	68%#	48%	0%*	100%†	73%#

Notes:

^*P < 0.05 (probability, t-test or chi-squared test), PG vs CG1;

^†P < 0.05 (probability, t-test or chi-squared test), PG vs CG2;

^#P < 0.05 (probability, t-test or chi-squared test), PG vs CG3;

^δanalysis of variance.

Abbreviations: 6MWD, 6-minute walk distance; oxy-sat, oxyhemoglobin saturation; PY, pack-years: NY, narghile-years; VAS, visual analogue scale.