Fig. 10.
Working hypothesis: 1-Hz continuous stimulation, 10-Hz train, 10-Hz continuous stimulation, and 50-Hz train trigger calcium transients and activate CaMK, the latter phosphorylates only HDAC4 but not 5, promoting the nuclear efflux of HDAC4. Only 50-Hz train stimulation generates ROS, resulting in nuclear efflux of HDAC4 and 5. Nuclear efflux of HDACs will remove the inhibition on transcription factor MEF2. 1): Liu et al. (20); 2): this study.