Table 2.
Bivariate Results for Patient Activation
| Average Patient Activation Score | Bivariate Statistic‡ | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control variables | |||
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian* | 65.75 | F = 11.99, p < .001 | All pairwise comparisons statistically significant at p < .05, except Caucasian versus other and African American versus other |
| African American* | 64.48 | ||
| Hispanic* | 62.02 | ||
| Other race/ethnicity* | 64.60 | ||
| Primary language | |||
| English is first language* | 65.21 | F = 18.72, p < .001 | |
| English is not first language* | 59.55 | ||
| Gender | |||
| Male* | 64.83 | F = 1.32, p = .25 | |
| Female* | 65.25 | ||
| Age | |||
| Age* | n/a | r = 0.01, p = .67 | |
| Age squared* | n/a | r = −0.01, p = .40 | |
| Education | |||
| Up to college* | 63.04 | F = 67.23, p < .001 | All pairwise comparisons statistically significant at p < .05 |
| Some college* | 65.87 | ||
| Post college* | 68.71 | ||
| Income | |||
| Income less than $25,000* | 62.64 | F = 68.73, p < .001 | All pairwise comparisons statistically significant at p < .05 |
| Income between $25,000 and $75,000* | 66.09 | ||
| Income greater than $75,000* | 68.17 | ||
| Employment status | |||
| Unemployed* | 61.35 | F = 25.76, p < .001 | All pairwise comparisons statistically significant at p < .05 |
| Employed* | 66.44 | ||
| Other work arrangement (retired, in-school, keeping house, disabled, other)* | 64.41 | ||
| Access to health care | |||
| Have regular physician* | 65.37 | F = 30.40, p < .001 | |
| Do not have regular physician* | 61.63 | ||
| Health status | |||
| Self-assessment of health status* | n/a | ρ = 0.22, p < .001 | Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) reported because control variable was ordinal |
| Number of chronic conditions* | n/a | r = −0.01, p = .48 | |
| Contextual characteristics | |||
| Respondents in markets with high level of hospital public reporting (three or more reports available) in market† | 65.30 | F = 1.52, p = .22 | |
| Respondents in markets without high level of hospital public reporting (three or more reports available) in market† | 64.87 | ||
| Respondents in markets with high level of physician public reporting (one or more physician reports publicly available) in market† | 65.98 | F = 7.78, p < .01 | |
| Respondents in markets without high level of physician public reporting (one or more physician reports publicly available) in market† | 64.85 | ||
| Number of people in household* | n/a | r = −0.02, p = .06 | |
| Population density (residents per square mile)† | n/a | r = −0.03, p < .01 | |
| Patient–physician role relationship variables | |||
| Interpersonal exchange* | n/a | r = 0.38, p < .001 | |
| Fairness* | n/a | r = 0.10, p < .001 | |
| Goal setting* | n/a | r = 0.33, p < .001 | |
| Out-of-office contact* | n/a | r = 0.13, p < .001 | |
*
Source: Self-report patient survey.
†
Source: Area Resource File.
‡
F-tests from one-way ANOVAs reported for dichotomous variables; zero-order correlation coefficients reported for continuous variables.