Table 2.

Effects of bilobetin on plasma enzymes, blood glucose, lipids, and lipoproteins, and insulin sensitivity

		Normal	HFD	BIL14	BIL4	BIL14H	BIL4M	BIL4H
Blood glucose (mmol·l−1)		5.47 ± 0.13	5.87 ± 0.14	5.61 ± 0.13	5.69 ± 0.14	6.02 ± 0.16	5.95 ± 0.17	5.91 ± 0.16
GIR (mmol·kg−1·min−1)		1.43 ± 0.13a	0.87 ± 0.08	1.18 ± 0.08b	1.10 ± 0.10	0.84 ± 0.07d	0.95 ± 0.09	0.88 ± 0.09
EGP (mmol·kg−1·min−1)	Basal	0.38 ± 0.02a	0.57 ± 0.05	0.40 ± 0.03b	0.46 ± 0.04	0.65 ± 0.05c	0.61 ± 0.03	0.58 ± 0.04
	Clamp	0.15 ± 0.02a	0.37 ± 0.03	0.19 ± 0.03b	0.27 ± 0.04	0.38 ± 0.03c	0.39 ± 0.03	0.37 ± 0.04
Insulin (µU·ml−1)	Basal	9.78 ± 1.27a	15.14 ± 1.22	11.09 ± 1.23b	12.31 ± 1.53	15.95 ± 1.65d	15.82 ± 1.42	15.78 ± 1.62
	Clamp	99.96 ± 7.49	121.77 ± 7.25	104.51 ± 8.37	115.12 ± 7.73	118.54 ± 6.95	123.33 ± 6.42	122.82 ± 7.73
TG (mmol·l−1)		0.98 ± 0.13a	1.91 ± 0.09	1.11 ± 0.13a	1.52 ± 0.16	2.08 ± 0.19c	2.03 ± 0.18	1.94 ± 0.14
VLDL-TG (mmol·l−1)		0.58 ± 0.07a	1.39 ± 0.19	0.68 ± 0.12a	1.13 ± 0.21	1.50 ± 0.23c	1.43 ± 0.14	1.37 ± 0.13
IDL/LDL-TG (mmol·l−1)		0.24 ± 0.03b	0.35 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.04	0.27 ± 0.05	0.39 ± 0.08	0.40 ± 0.06	0.38 ± 0.03
HDL-TG (mmol·l−1)		0.14 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.03	0.13 ± 0.03	0.13 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.03	0.18 ± 0.06	0.16 ± 0.04
VLDL-apoB-48 (mg·l−1)		23 ± 5	25 ± 3	26 ± 2	25 ± 2	28 ± 3	27 ± 3	26 ± 2
VLDL-apoB-100 (mg·l−1)		71 ± 7	101 ± 18	97 ± 12	99 ± 14	102 ± 18	104 ± 21	98 ± 17
HDL-apoA-1 (mg·l−1)		532 ± 76	367 ± 53	445 ± 87	344 ± 49	351 ± 81	394 ± 64	374 ± 55
NEFA (mmol·l−1)	Basal	0.42 ± 0.04	0.51 ± 0.07	0.45 ± 0.04	0.50 ± 0.06	0.52 ± 0.06	0.53 ± 0.05	0.48 ± 0.07
	Clamp	0.19 ± 0.03	0.32 ± 0.05	0.21 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.04	0.39 ± 0.05	0.37 ± 0.06	0.36 ± 0.05
ALT (U·l−1)		77 ± 29	88 ± 37	86 ± 21	79 ± 30	76 ± 25	72 ± 24	71 ± 28
AST (U·l−1)		81 ± 8	92 ± 19	86 ± 12	84 ± 16	90 ± 13	88 ± 21	87 ± 10

Data are means ± SEM. n= 6.

^aP < 0.01,

^bP < 0.05 vs. HFD group;

^cP < 0.01,

^dP < 0.05 vs. BIL14 group (ANOVA). ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Apo, apolipoprotein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; EGP, endogenous glucose production; GIR glucose infusion rate; HDL high-density lipoprotein; IDL intermediate-density lipoprotein; LDL low-density lipoprotein; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acid; TG, triglyceride; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein.