Country	Year	Details	Source
ENDANGERMENT
1. Environmental degradation: bad and ugly.
India	2010	Over-exploiting environmental resources for development, thereby augmenting environmental hazards.	Bidwai, 201022
Pakistan	2010	Illegal logging, increasing flood/landslide hazards plus the felled trees become another hazard when swept away by flood waters.	Shamsie, 201023
United Kingdom	2007	Placing housing on river flood plains, often due to greed from developers seeking quick profit and local authorities seeking quick tax revenues.	Lewis and Kelman, 201020
Japan	2005	114 new buildings, including 36 hotels, are deemed to be of inadequate construction for the hazard faced.	Lewis, 201024
Germany	2002	Placing housing on river flood plains, especially greedy local authorities seeking development.	Pierce, 200225
2. Discrimination: bad.
Spain	2011	Sub-standard living conditions for migrants preventing them from enacting DRR.	Lawrence, 201126
United Kingdom	2005	Marginalised citizenship which exposes those affected to hazards.	Hogan and Marandola, 200527
USA	2005	Disadvantaged living in physically vulnerable areas, exposed by Hurricane Katrina.	Laska et al., 200628
Tonga	1989	Financial judgements denied the social need for shelter, leaving the poorest without post-disaster housing and thus made more vulnerable, serving DRC.	Lewis, 198929
Dominican Republic	1982	Exclusion from arable land increasing vulnerability to famine.	Jeffery, 198230
South Africa	1960s onwards	Townships as ghettos of discrimination, which places them in hazardous locations and which inhibits local DRR.	UNHabitat, 201031
3. Displacement: bad.In all these cases, moving people from their land and communities increased their vulnerability by resettling them in unfamiliar places without adequate support for DRR in the new location, especially where the people experienced unusual for to them.
Brazil and Guyana	2011	US$17 billion Amazon dam project displaces tribes.	Reuters AlertNet, 201132
Philippines	2001	One dam displaced 61,700 people.	Heijmans, 20012
China	1959-1989	10 million people displaced by water projects.	Cernea, 199633
India	1956-1996	18.5 million people displaced by dams and mines.	Cernea, 199633
IMPOVERISHMENT
4. Self-seeking expenditure: ugly.
South Africa	2009-2010	Doubling of project costs implies misuse of funds which could have been used for DRR or sustainability projects.	Donnelly, 201034
Italy	1945 onwards	Less infrastructure in the south for more money spent.	Golden and Picci, 200535
5. Denial of access to resources: bad and ugly.
Pakistan	1998	Skewed access to productive land, affecting ability to reduce vulnerability through reliable local food.	Mustafa, 199836
Tuvalu	1941-1945	Long-term depletion of crops due to World War 2 airfields, affecting ability to reduce vulnerability through reliable local food.	Telavi, 198337
Martinique	1635 onwards	Unequal distribution of landholdings, affecting ability to reduce vulnerability through reliable local food.	Jeffery, 198138
6. Corruption: bad.In all these cases, the money could have been used for DRR or vulnerability reduction measures, especially in wider contexts of supporting local livelihoods and aiming for sustainable communities. Where noted, money lost through corruption could have been used to increase the hazard resistance of infrastructure.
Bangladesh	2011	Anti-graft official accepted US$14,000 bribe.	AFP, 201139
Indonesia	2011	Tax official took bribes of millions of US$ in gold.	Deutsch, 201140
Kenya	2011	Local misuse of development funds in 47 counties.	Daily Nation, 201141
China	2007	Bribes and theft are estimated at 8% of government spending.	Pei, 200742
Turkey	1999	Earthquake damage from corrupt construction control.	Lewis, 2008a43
7. Siphoning of public money: ugly.In all these cases, the money could have been used for DRR or vulnerability reduction measures, especially in wider contexts of supporting local livelihoods and aiming for sustainable communities.
Gabon	2010	US$36 million embezzled.	Ryan, 201044
Sudan	2010	President siphoned US$9 billion overseas.	Hirsch, 201045
Tajikistan	2010	President controls revenues from state industries.	Harding, 201046
India	2008	The country’s illegal economy represents 50% of GDP.	Kar, 201047
Kenya	2001-2005	Government money was paid to a fictitious firm for contracts. Some of that was paid back.	Githongo, 200548
Mexico	2000-2009	Illicit financial outflows of US$46.24 billion.	GFI, 2011a49
Angola	1993-2002	US$4.68 billion lost between 1993 and 2002.	Shaxson, 201150
Italy	1945 onwards	Massive siphoning of development funding.	Golden and Picci, 200535