Table 5A.

Combination Therapies – Gait Training + FES

Articles	Methods	Results
Field-Fote et al. 2005‡‡‡‡ USA PEDro=6 N= 27 RCT	27 males & females, age 21–64 yrs, incomplete, C3-T10, >1 year post-injury. Randomized to 4 gait training strategies, 45–50 min, 5X/wk, 12 wks: 1) manual BWSTT (n=7); 2) BWSTT + FES (common peroneal nerve) (n=7); 3) BWS overground+FES (n=7); 4) BWS Lokomat (robotic gait device) (n=6). Outcome measures: walking speed over 6 m (short-bout) and 24.4 m (long-bout)	Significant ↑ in short-bout walking speed across subjects who received BWSTT + FES. Tendency for initially slower walkers (<0.1 m/s) to show greater improvement (106%) compared to initially faster walkers (17%).
Field-Fote 2001 USA D&B=15 N=19 pre-post	19 males & females, mean age 31.7 (SD 9.4) yrs, ASIA C, para- and quadriplegia. BWSTT + common peroneal nerve FES: <90 min, 3X/wk, 12 wks. Outcome measures: gait speed.	Significant ↑ in walking speed (median: 77%).
Field-Fote & Tepavac 2002 USA D&B=13 N=14 pre-post	14 males & females, age 18–50 yrs, ASIA C, C4-T7. BWSTT + common peroneal nerve FES: <90 min, 3X/wk, 12 wks. Outcome measures: overground gait speed.	All subjects showed ↑ in walking speed. Subjects with slower walking speeds showed greater improvement.
Hesse et al 2004 Germany D&B=11 N=4 pre-post	3 males, age 45–62 yrs, ASIA C & D, C5-T8, 8–18 months post-injury. Electromechanical gait trainer + FES to quadriceps and hamstrings: 20–25 min, 5X/wk, 5 wks. Outcome measures: gait velocity and endurance	Gait ability ↑ in all patients; 3 could walk independently overground with aids. Overall gait speed and endurance more than doubled.

^††††Medial-placed, Single-axis Hip joint-Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis

^‡‡‡‡Only the results from subjects who were in the BWSTT + FES group are included in this table.