Table 1.
Current and prospective therapies for SLE
| Molecular target | Treatment | References |
|---|---|---|
| FDA approved therapies: | ||
| Homeostatic survival of T cells, B cells, & macrophages | Glucocorticoids Prednisone, Triamcinolone hexacetonide | 148, 150 |
| Non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs | Aspirin | 150 |
| Endosome function, activation of toll-like receptors, antigen processing / presentation | Chloroquine; hydroxychloroquine | 151 |
| BLγS/BAFF (B cell cytokine) | Belimumab | 152 |
| B cell targeted therapies: | ||
| B cell depletion | Rituximab (anti-CD20) Epratuzumab (anti-CD22) Atacicept (TACI-Ig fusion protein) |
153. 154 155, 156 161 |
| Proteasome (↓ plasma cells) | Bortezomib (MRL/lpr; NZB/WF1 mice) | 157 |
| Syk | Fostamatinib (MRL/lpr; BAX/BAK mice) | 33 |
| T cell targeted therapies: | ||
| Glutathione depletion | N-acetylcysteine | 64 |
| Follicular helper T cells | Anti-B7RP-1 Ab (NZB/WF1 mice) | 165 |
| Rho kinase (ROCK) Inhibits IRF4 phosphorylation | Fasudil, ROCK2 inhibitor (NZB/WF1 mice) | 170 |
| Blockade of B cell – T cell co-stimulation: | ||
| T cell-B cell costimulation | Abatacept (CTLA-4 Ig) | 164 |
| Tolerogenic therapies | Edratide (hCDR1 peptide, T cell tolerogen) Abetimus (B cell tolerogen) |
162 163 |
| PI3Kγ | AS605240 (MRL/lpr mice) | 167 |
| Regulation of intracellular Ca2+: | ||
| Calcineurin | Dipyridamole (MRL/lpr mice) | 168 |
| Calcium-activated calmodulin kinase | KN-93, CaMKIV inhibitor (MRL/lpr mice) | 166 |
| Cytokine blockade: | ||
| Monoclonal antibodies | Tocilizumab (anti-IL-6R) Anti-IFNα IgG1κ neutralizing antibody Anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody (B-N10) Anakinra (IL-1 receptor antagonist) |
169 173 171 172 |
| mTOR | Rapamycin | 45 |