Fig. 1.

Study design. Arrows indicate skeletal muscle biopsies. A baseline muscle biopsy was acquired in the operating room following anesthesia, immediately prior to tourniquet inflation. The second muscle biopsy was obtained immediately prior to tourniquet deflation. The third muscle biopsy was obtained following deflation of the tourniquet (reperfusion) just prior to the subject leaving the operating room. Please see Table 1 for details of anesthetics used and individual tourniquet (ischemia) and reperfusion times. Average tourniquet time was 43 ± 4 min, and the average reperfusion time was 16 ± 3 min.