Table 5.

Controlled trials studying effect of positive airway pressure therapy in patients with CHF and central sleep apnea/Cheyne-Stokes breathing

First Author	Year	Number of CHF Patients	Intervention	Duration of Intervention	Control	Results
Sin65	2000	66	CPAP	3 mo	Medical therapy for CHF	Improvement in LVEF, reduction in combined mortality-cardiac transplantation rate
Granton66	1996	17	CPAP	3 mo	Medical therapy for CHF	Improvement in LVEF and inspiratory muscle strength (MIP)
Naughton67	1995	35	CPAP	1 mo	Medical therapy for CHF	Reduction in UNE and PNE level
Bradley68	2005	258	CPAP	3 mo	Medical therapy for CHF	Improvement in exercise capacity, LVEF and mean oxygen saturation; no difference in survival after 2 years follow-up. Better heart transplant–free survival in CSB-suppressed group in post hoc analysis80
Köhnlein71	2002	35	Bilevel ventilation, CPAP	2 wk	Crossover design	Significant and equivalent improvement in sleep quality, circulation time, and NYHA class with both bilevel ventilation and CPAP
Arzt70	2008	14	BPAP, CPAP, dynamic BPAP	Consecutive night use of all 3 PAP devices	BPAP, CPAP	Dynamic BPAP suppressed CA-CSB better than CPAP or BPAP
Pepperell74	2003	30	ASV	1 mo	Subtherapeutic level of ASV	Improvement in LVEF; reduction in serum BNP and urinary catecholamine excretion
Hastings75	2008	19	ASV	6 mo	Medical therapy for CHF	Improvement in LVEF and QOL
Teschler76	2001	14	ASV, BPAP, CPAP, nocturnal O2	1 night	Crossover design	ASV suppressed CSA-CSB better than CPAP and nocturnal O2, but not BPAP; LVEF not measured

Abbreviations: ASV, adaptive seroventilation; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BPAP, bilevel positive airway pressure; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; CSB, Cheyne-Stokes breathing; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MIP, maximal inspiratory pressure; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PNE, peripheral norepinephrine excretion; QOL, quality of life; UNE, urinary norepinephrine excretion.