| Intradermal Route |
| Unno N, et al. [43] |
None |
22 (10 controls) |
1 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
Demonstrated use of ICG fluorescence to characterize lymphedema of the legs non-invasively |
| Ogata F, et al. [52] |
None |
5 |
1 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
Used ICG fluorescence for intraoperative guidance lymphaticovenular anastamoses as surgical treatment for lymphedema |
| Sevick-Muraca, et al. [22] |
None |
24 |
0.00031-0.1 |
FDPM imager (Texas) |
Established minimal ICG levels needed to observe propulsive lymph trafficking to sentinel nodes in breast cancer patients; ICG imaged in excised lymph nodes; non-invasive imaging. |
| Rasmussen, et al. [48] |
None |
44 (24 controls) |
0.1-0.4 |
FDPM imager (Texas) |
Propulsive dynamic lymph function, effects of massage therapy measured in arms and legs of control and lymphedema subjects; non-invasively |
| Fujiwara, et al. [33] |
None |
10 |
3-4 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
ICG fluorescent guidance was used to identify SLNs for resection intraoperatively as well as transcutaneously in skin cancer patients; ICG detection and Patent Blue Dye correlated |
| Troyan, et al. [23] |
None |
6 |
0.125 mixed with human serum albumin |
FLARE (Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital) |
ICG, methylene blue used to identify lymph nodes in breast cancer patients undergoing SLN mapping intraoperatively; LN fluorescence was compared to lymphoscintigraphy ex vivo |
| Tsujino, et al. [37] |
None |
2 |
5 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
SLN detection with ICG fluorescence agreed with 99mTc lymphoscintigraphy in Paget's disease intraoperatively and non-invasively. |
| Murawa, et al. [19] |
None |
30 |
5, 10, 15 |
IC-View (Pulsion Medical) |
Compared ICG with lymphoscintigraphy for SLN biopsy, found SLN in 29/30 with ICG alone; ICG/fluorescence had 92% sensitivity, compared to 77% for lymphoscintigraphy, and false negative was 1/13 for ICG and 3/13 for lymphoscintigraphy |
| Subcutaneous Route |
| Kitai, et al. [36] |
None |
18 |
25 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
94% SLN intraoperative detection rate in breast cancer subjects using ICG fluorescence; transcutaneous vessels observed |
| Miyashiro, et al. [35] |
None |
3 |
5-10 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
SLN detection with ICG and fluorescence was successful in gastric cancer patients and may be useful in laparoscopic procedures |
| Tagaya, et al. [34] |
None |
25 |
5 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
Used intraoperative fluorescence to detect SLNs for excision in breast cancer patients |
| Unno, et al. [43] |
None |
27 |
1.5 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
Found a difference between legs in lymph flow from foot to groin while standing in 10 controls. A correlation was made between fluorescent transit time and lymphoscintigraphy in 17 subjects with abdominal aortic aneurysms and without lymphedema. |
| Ogasawara, et al. [39] |
None |
37 |
25 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
Monitored lymph drainage pathways from breast to axilla |
| Suzuki, et al. [45] |
None |
54 (15 controls) |
1.5 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
Found correlation between venous insufficiency in varicose veins and lymph flow as measured by a transit time to the knee; lymph flow increased after greater saphenous vein stripping surgery |
| Noura, et al. [40] |
None |
25 |
5 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
Lateral SLN detection in T1, T2, T3 lower rectal cancer using ICG fluorescence |
| Tajima, et al. [71] |
None |
56 |
10 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
SLN mapping with ICG and fluorescence was used intraoperatively during surgery for gastric cancer |
| Tanaka, et al. [38] |
None |
6 |
5-8 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
ICG fluorescence determined to be better than blue dye for detecting lymph nodes in skin cancer patients |
| Kamiya, et al. [51] |
None |
1 |
7.5 |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
intraoperative ICG fluorescence used to detect chyle fistula |
| Intravenous Route |
| Taggart, et al. [57] |
None |
84 |
2.5 |
SPY imager (Novadq) |
Monitored patency of coronary grafts after IV administration, fluorescence detection during surgery |
| Sekijima, et al. [58] |
None |
15 |
25 |
SPY imager (Novadaq) |
Visualize arteries and grafts after IV administration and fluorescence detection during surgery |
| Balacum-araswami, et al. [54, 55] |
None |
200 |
0.03 mg/kg |
SPY imager (Novadaq) |
Monitored patency of arterial grafts after IV administration and fluorescence detection during surgery |
| Rubens, et al. [56] |
None |
20 |
0.25-2.5 |
SPY imager (Novadaq) |
ICG fluorescence used to assess patency of CABG intraoperatively |
| Kikuchi and Hosokawa [53] |
None |
20 |
25 mg |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
ICG fluorescence used non-invasively to assess impact of vein stripping, phlebectomy, and vein ligation |
| Ishizawa et al. [63] |
None |
37 hepatocellula r carcinoma, 12 metastatic colorectal cancer |
0.5 mg/kg |
PDE (Hamamatsu) |
ICG fluorescence intraoperatively detected 1–14 days after i.v. administration and correlated to lesions on the liver. Ex vivo ICG fluorescence confirmed in resected tissues |
| Killory, et al. [59] |
None |
10 |
25 mg |
IC-View (Pulsion Medical) |
Arteriovenous malformations were identified intraoperatively by fluorescence |
| Holm, et al. [61] |
None |
15 |
0.5 mg/kg |
IC-View (Pulsion Medical) |
Perfusion of deep inferior epigastric perforator flap after tissue reconstruction surgery by fluorescence |
| Handa, et al. [25] |
None |
39 |
Dose not specified, except that 2.5 mg/ml was concentration of injected dose |
Custom (Koshi Medical School) |
Studies showed preliminary data showing feasibility of color CCD as a intraoperative graft and perfusion assessment tool in coronary bypass graft. |
