Table 1.
Characteristics (mean (SD) or %) of mothers and offspring included in at least one analysis N = 8,515.
| Characteristic | No diabetes/Glycosuria | Preexisting diabetes | Gestational diabetes | Glycosuria | P value for difference between groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 8,192) | (N = 26) | (N = 33) | (N = 264) | ||
| Maternal | |||||
| Manual social class, % | 17.7 | 19.2 | 21.2 | 22.4 | 0.28 |
| University education, % | 13.7 | 15.4 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 0.18 |
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 22.9 (3.8) | 24.3 (4.5) | 25.7 (5.7) | 23.7 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Age at delivery, years | 28.6 (4.7) | 29.2 (3.7) | 29.6 (4.6) | 28.4 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| No smoking in pregnancy, % | 77.9 | 84.6 | 90.9 | 79.2 | 0.18 |
| Parity ≥1, % | 55.1 | 50.0 | 60.6 | 52.3 | 0.68 |
| Caesarean section, % | 7.6 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 3.1 | 0.88 |
| No breastfeeding, % | 25.1 | 15.4 | 27.8 | 24.7 | 0.85 |
| Offspring | |||||
| Males, % | 50.8 | 50.0 | 69.7 | 44.7 | 0.03 |
| Birth weight (grams) | 3480 (467) | 3367 (649) | 3889 (520) | 3574 (484) | <0.001 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.8 (1.3) | 38.5 (1.3) | 39.0 (1.3) | 39.8 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| School Entry Assessment score N = 6,032 | 13.1 (3.1) | 12.7 (4.2) | 13.0 (2.8) | 12.9 (3.1) | 0.65 |
| Total IQ N = 5,282 | 105.3 (16.3) | 103.2 (17.7) | 98.7 (19.9) | 103.2 (15.7) | 0.09 |
| Verbal IQ N = 5,307 | 108.2 (16.6) | 108.0 (19.6) | 101.0 (21.2) | 106.1 (16.0) | 0.07 |
| Performance IQ N = 5,298 | 100.5 (17.0) | 95.9 (14.4) | 97.3 (21.0) | 99.1 (16.6) | 0.37 |
| High achievement: 5+ GCSEs C-A, % N = 7,615 | 56.9 | 53.9 | 51.6 | 51.7 | 0.40 |
| Low achievement: 0 GCSEs C-A, % N = 7,615 | 14.0 | 26.9 | 16.1 | 14.6 | 0.37 |