Table 2.
Associations of preexisting diabetes, gestational diabetes, and glycosuria with School Entry Assessment score, IQ and GCSE results.
| No diabetes/glycosuria | Pre-existing diabetes | Gestational diabetes | Glycosuria | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference category | Mean difference (95% CI) |
Mean difference (95% CI) |
Mean difference (95% CI) |
|
| School Entry Assessment N = 6,032 | N = 5,804 | N = 21 | N = 24 | N = 183 |
| M1 | 0 | −0.76 (−2.05, 0.52) | −0.26 (−1.46, 0.94) | −0.55 (−0.99, −0.11) |
| M2 | 0 | −0.80 (−2.03, 0.43) | −0.03 (−1.18, 1.13) | −0.36 (−0.79, 0.06) |
| M3 (N = 3,251)‡ | 0 | 0.04 (−1.68, 1.75) | 0.30 (−1.12, 1.72) | −0.49 (−1.05, 0.08) |
| IQ (Total)† N = 5,282 | N = 5,079 | N = 20 | N = 23 | N = 160 |
| M1 | 0 | −3.23 (−10.24, 3.78) | −6.98 (−13.52, −0.44) | −2. 16 (−4.67, 0.35) |
| M2 | 0 | −2.24 (−8.82, 4.35) | −4.85 (−11.02, 1.31) | −1.47 (−3.83, 0.89) |
| M3 (N = 2,853) | 0 | −0.54 (−9.61, 8.52) | −5.93 (−14.24, 2.38) | −1.78 (−5.02, 1.46) |
| Verbal IQ† N = 5,307 | N = 5,102 | N = 20 | N = 24 | N = 161 |
| M1 | 0 | −1.29 (−8.41, 5.82) | −7.87 (−14.37, −1.37) | −2.19 (−4.73, 0.35) |
| M2 | 0 | −0.44 (−7.15, 6.27) | −5.95 (−12.09, 0.20) | −1.56 (−3.96, 0.84) |
| M3 (N = 2,865)‡ | 0 | 1.56 (−7.63, 10.74) | −9.92 (−18.34, −1.50) | −2.36 (−5.62, 0.91) |
| Performance IQ† N = 5,298 | N = 5,094 | N = 20 | N = 23 | N = 161 |
| M1 | 0 | −5.50 (−12.89, 1.88) | −3.00 (−9.89, 3.89) | −1.52 (−4.16, 1.12) |
| M2 | 0 | −4.60 (−11.76, 2.57) | −1.24 (−7.95, 5.47) | −0.90 (−3.46, 1.67) |
| M3 (N = 2,861)‡ | 0 | −4.01 (−13.80, 5.78) | −0.19 (−9.17, 8.78) | −0.57 (−4.05, 2.91) |
|
| ||||
| Reference category | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
|
| ||||
| GCSE: 5+ A*-C (high achievement) N = 7,615 | N = 7,318 | N = 26 | N = 31 | N = 240 |
| M1 | 1 | 0.81 (0.37, 1.79) | 0.76 (0.37, 1.56) | 0.78 (0.60, 1.02) |
| M2 | 1 | 0.77 (0.34, 1.76) | 0.84 (0.40, 1.78) | 0.84 (0.64, 1.11) |
| M3 (N = 4,110)‡ | 1 | 0.82 (0.25, 2.71) | 0.83 (0.30, 2.31) | 0.92 (0.64, 1.32) |
| GCSE: 0 A*-C (low achievement) N = 7,615 | N = 7,318 | N = 26 | N = 31 | N = 240 |
| M1 | 1 | 2.54 (1.05, 6.19) | 1.23 (0.46, 3.26) | 1.10 (0.76, 1.60) |
| M2 | 1 | 2.96 (1.17, 7.48) | 1.18 (0.43, 3.23) | 0.97 (0.66, 1.43) |
| M3 (N = 4,110)‡ | 1 | 5.06 (1.42, 18.10) | 1.41 (0.38, 5.21) | 1.10 (0.67, 1.79) |
M1: Adjusted for sex and maternal age at birth.
M2: As in M1 plus adjustment for pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal smoking in pregnancy, parity, mode of delivery, maternal education and social class.
M3: As in M2 plus adjustment for gestational age, birth weight standardized for gestational age, and duration of breast feeding.
†Models for IQ-adjusted for age at assessment.
*Coefficients in the second part of the table are odds ratios (95%CI).
‡ N is reduced due to missing birth weight and breast feeding data.