Figure 5.

Varying growth conditions induced phenotypic changes that likely contribute to the ability of ir-CAD plants to regain structural stability when grown in nature. A, Mean ± se percentage of total stem lengths to which red pigment had accumulated in ir-CAD plants grown in three different environments (GH, PF, and UF). Asterisks indicate significant differences among environments (one-way ANOVA). B and C, Mean ± se stem length (B) and basal stem diameter (C) of ir-CAD and wild-type (WT) plants grown in GH, PF, and UF environments. D, Mean ± se changes in the width of lignified xylem tissue that constituted the lignified part of the stems (a) and its components: vessel (lumen diameter [b] and wall thickness [c]) and fiber (lumen diameter [d] and wall thickness [e]). Asterisks indicate significant differences among the genotypes (unpaired t test: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001).