Table 5.

Multilevel models for change: Toddlers’ positive and negative mood and their explorative/investigative interest.

	Positive affect			Negative affect			Interest
	B	SE	p	B	SE	p	B	SE	p
Fixed effects
Intercept	2.20	0.04	***	1.15	0.02	***	3.01	0.04	***
Time	0.03	0.02		−0.05	0.01	***	0.02	0.03
Time-squared
Agea	0.01	0.00	*	0.00	0.00
Sibling in group				−0.02	0.03
Child sex				0.02	0.02
Problem behavioura				−0.02	0.01
Family educational levela				0.00	0.01
Interaction with carerb	0.03	0.01	*	0.02	0.01		0.07	0.01	***
Interaction with peerb	0.07	0.01	***	0.01	0.01		0.01	0.02

	Positive affect			Negative affect			Interest
	σ2	SE	p	σ2	SE	p	σ2	SE	p
Random effects
AR1 diagonal	0.26	0.01	***	0.12	0.00	***	0.44	0.01	***
AR1 rho	0.36	0.02	***	0.23	0.02	***	0.37	0.02	***
Intercept var	0.09	0.02	***	0.03	0.01	***	0.08	0.02	***
Int-slope cov	−0.05	0.01	***	−0.02	0.00	***	−0.03	0.01	*
Slope var	0.04	0.01	***	0.01	0.00	***	0.04	0.01	***

	Positive affect			Negative affect			Interest
	−2LL	Δ−2LL	p	−2LL	Δ−2LL	p	−2LL	Δ−2LL	p
Model fit
1. Baseline (intercept, phase)	5696.54			2948.92			7504.42
2. Phase-square	5700.10	–	–	2949.12	–	–	7506.29	–	–
3. Autoregressive error structure	5268.87	427.67	***	2686.78	262.14	***	7062.35	442.07	***
4. Covariates	5292.30	–	–	2720.01	–	–	7085.40	–	–
5. Covariates (reduced model)	5273.62	–	–
6. Interaction with carer and peers	5239.55	29.32	***	2732.42	–	–	7050.62	11.73	**
7. Interaction with carer and peers and reduced covs	5250.42	18.45	***	2696.79	–	–

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.

^aChild-level (j) predictors were centred at the grand mean.

^bRepeated measures (i) were centred within clusters.