Table 2.
Redox and physiological variables measured in the studies investigated the effect of vitamin C and/or vitamin E supplementation on training adaptations.
| Study | Vitamin | Redox biomarker | Training endpoint |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asha Devi et al. [29, 30] | Vit E (heart) | TBARS, catalase, SOD (heart) | Swimming time, plasma lipid profile |
| Gomez-Cabrera et al. [9] | Vit C (plasma) | — | VO2 max |
| Gomez-Cabrera et al. [9] | Vit C (plasma) | MnSOD, GPx (muscle) | Running time, cytochrome c |
| Higashida et al. [11] | — | TBARS, MnSOD, CuZnSOD (muscle) | Mitochondrial proteins, GLUT4, glucose transport activity |
| Ristow et al. [10] | — | TBARS (plasma and muscle), MnSOD, CuZnSOD, GPx1, catalase (muscle) | Insulin sensitivity |
| Roberts et al. [12] | — | — | Various performance tests, substrate metabolism |
| Ryan et al. [13] | — | Hydrogen peroxide, 8-OHdG, MDA, 4-hydroxyalkenals, GSH, GSSG, MnSOD, CuZnSOD, GPx, catalase (muscle) | Muscle hypertrophy, muscle function |
| Theodorou et al. [14] | Vit C, vit E (plasma) | TBARS, protein carbonyls, GSH, GSSG, catalase, uric acid, albumin, bilirubin, TAC (plasma or erythrocytes) | Muscle performance, muscle damage |
| Yfanti et al. [15–17] | Vit C, vit E (plasma) | MDA, protein carbonyls, MnSOD, CuZnSOD, GPx1, catalase, (muscle) | Body composition, VO2 max, power, insulin sensitivity, GLUT4 (muscle), glycogen (muscle), CS (muscle), HAD (muscle), lipid profile (plasma) |
Abbreviations: CS: citric synthase; CuZnSOD: copper zinc superoxide dismutase; GLUT4: glucose transporter type 4; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: glutathione; GSSG: glutathione disulfide; HAD: β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; MDA: malondialdehyde; MnSOD: manganese superoxide dismutase; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.