Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of the two groups. Mean ± standard deviation or n (%) is reported.
| Total sample | Average processing speed (n = 114) | Below a ve ra ge processing speed (n = 165) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62.1 ± 12.4 | 56.1 ± 12.1 | 66.3 ± 11.9 | <.001 |
| Male | 179 (64.2) | 62 (54.4) | 117 (70.9) | .005 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 175 (62.7) | 86 (75.4) | 89 (53.9) | <.001 |
| Non white | 104 (37.3) | 28 (24.6) | 76 (46.1) | |
| Income | .021 | |||
| More than enough | 98 (35.1) | 43 (37.7) | 55 (33.3) | |
| Sufficient | 136 (48.8) | 61 (53.5) | 75 (45.5) | |
| Less than enough | 45 (16.1) | 10 (8.8) | 35 (21.2) | |
| Years of education | 13.9 ± 2.9 | 14.9 ± 3.1 | 13.2 ± 2.5 | <.001 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 31.0 ± 7.9 | 29.4 ± 7.5 | 32.0 ± 8.1 | .006 |
| Exercise | .002 | |||
| None | 57 (20.4) | 19 (16.7) | 38 (23.0) | |
| Minimal | 103 (36.9) | 32 (28.1) | 71 (43.0) | |
| Adequate | 119 (42.7) | 63 (55.3) | 56 (34.0) | |
| Charlson comorbidity severity | <.001 | |||
| Low | 148 (53.1) | 79 (69.3) | 69 (41.8) | |
| Moderate | 101 (36.2) | 32 (28.1) | 69 (41.8) | |
| High | 30 (10.7) | 3 (2.6) | 27 (16.4) | |
| NYHA functional class | ||||
| Classes I and II | 66 (23.7) | 33 (28.9) | 33 (20.0) | .188 |
| Class III | 163 (58.4) | 63 (55.3) | 100 (60.6) | |
| Class IV | 50 (17.9) | 18 (15.8) | 32 (19.4) | |
| Ejection fraction | 35.5 ± 17.0 | 34.5 ± 16.0 | 36.2 ± 17.6 | .404 |
| ACE inhibitor | 161 (57.7) | 75 (65.8) | 86 (52.1) | .023 |
| Beta blocker | 258 (92.5) | 107 (93.9) | 151 (91.5) | .466 |
| Mean arterial pressure | 84.7 ± 12.0 | 82.6 ± 11.4 | 86.1 ± 12.2 | .016 |
| Epworth sleepiness scale score ≥ 11 | 66 (23.7) | 23 (20.2) | 43 (26.1) | .256 |
| Basel medication adherence scale | 0.96 ± 0.94 | 1.10 ± 0.95 | 0.90 ± 0.94 | .193 |
| ANART correct responses | 56.8 ± 1.4 | 57.3 ± 1.3 | 56.4 ± 1.3 | <.001 |
| Digit symbol substitution task total score | 53.4 ± 17.5 | 69.4 ± 11.0 | 42.3 ± 11.5 | <.001 |
ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; ANART: American National Adult Reading Test; NYHA: New York Heart Association.