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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Aug 23.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Cancer. 2011 Oct 24;11(11):805–812. doi: 10.1038/nrc3153

Figure 2. Current therapies that induce effector T cell functions.

Figure 2

Strategies to maintain activated tumour-specific T cells include the use of blocking monoclonal antibodies, such as anti-bodies targeting either cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) or programmed cell death 1 (PD1), to neutralize co-inhibitory receptors. Therefore, these antibodies that block intrinsic inhibitory immune checkpoints allow a sustained T cell response, including an increased production of cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ) and granzyme B. APC, antigen-presenting cell; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; TCR, T cell receptor.