Table 2.
Dietary factors that were significantly associated with toenail arsenic concentration (bold)a: Q-values ≤ 0.05 are noted with a * next to thePvalue
|
Variable |
Regression slopes |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude (n = 920) | Adjusteda(n = 914) | |||||
| |
β(95% CI) |
Pvalue |
β(95% CI) |
Pvalue |
% changebQ1-Q3 males |
% changecQ1-Q3 females |
|
A. Negative associations | ||||||
|
Dietary lipids | ||||||
| Total fat (g) |
-1.5E-03 (-3.0E-03, 3.5E-05) |
0.056 |
-5.8E-03 (-8.4E-03, -3.2E-03) |
<0.001* |
-20.6 |
-16.4 |
| Animal fat (g) |
-1.8E-03 (-4.2E-03, 5.7E-04) |
0.14 |
-4.2E-03 (-7.2E-03, -1.2E-03) |
0.006 |
-9.3 |
-7.1 |
| Vegetable fat (g) |
-2.4E-03 (-5.1E-03, 3.0E-04) |
0.081 |
-4.9E-03 (-8.5E-03, -1.3E-03) |
0.008 |
-10.6 |
-8.7 |
| Total unsaturated fat | ||||||
| Total monounsaturated fat (g) |
-3.6E-03 (-7.4E-03, 1.0E-04) |
0.057 |
-1.2E-02 (-1.8E-02, -5.6E-03) |
<0.001* |
-17.0 |
-14.1 |
| Palmitoleic fatty acid (g) |
-4.4E-02 (-1.1E-01, 2.1E-02) |
0.18 |
-1.0E-01 (-1.8E-01, -1.9E-02) |
0.016 |
-8.1 |
-6.8 |
| Oleic fatty acid (g) |
-4.2E-03 (-8.3E-03, -7.6E-05) |
0.046 |
-1.3E-02 (-2.0E-02, -6.4E-03) |
<0.001* |
-17.1 |
-13.5 |
| Total polyunsaturated fat (g) |
-5.5E-03 (-1.3E-02, 2.1E-03) |
0.16 |
-1.8E-02 (-2.9E-02, -7.3E-03) |
0.001* |
-13.2 |
-10.2 |
| Total n-6 fatty acidsd (g) |
-6.1E-03 (-1.4E-02, 2.2E-03) |
0.15 |
-1.8E-02 (-2.9E-02, -6.5E-03) |
0.002* |
-11.7 |
-9.7 |
| Linoleic fatty acid (g) |
-7.1E-03 (-1.6E-02, 1.6E-03) |
0.11 |
-2.0E-02 (-3.2E-02, -8.7E-03) |
<0.001* |
-13.0 |
-10.2 |
| Linolenic fatty acid (g) |
-3.8E-02 (-1.2E-01, 4.1E-02) |
0.35 |
-1.6E-01 (-2.7E-01, -5.4E-02) |
0.003* |
-10.8 |
-9.3 |
| Arachadonic fatty acid (g) |
-4.3E-01 (-1.1E + 00, 2.1E-01) |
0.19 |
-6.8E-01 (-1.3E + 00, -4.0E-02) |
0.037 |
-5.3 |
-4.7 |
| Total saturated fat (g) |
-3.5E-03 (-7.5E-03, 4.8E-04) |
0.084 |
-1.0E-02 (-1.6E-02, -4.5E-03) |
<0.001* |
-13.4 |
-10.8 |
| Lauric fatty acid (g) |
-1.2E-01 (-2.3E-01, -4.5E-04) |
0.049 |
-1.7E-01 (-2.9E-01, -4.8E-02) |
0.006 |
-6.5 |
-5.1 |
| Palmitic fatty acid (g) |
-6.7E-03 (-1.4E-02, 8.2E-04) |
0.081 |
-2.2E-02 (-3.4E-02, -1.1E-02) |
<0.001* |
-15.5 |
-12.8 |
| Stearic fatty acid (g) |
-1.8E-02 (-3.3E-02, -3.0E-03) |
0.018 |
-4.3E-02 (-6.5E-02, -2.1E-02 |
<0.001* |
-15.6 |
-12.8 |
| Steroid | ||||||
| Cholesterol (mg) |
-2.9E-04 (-6.3E-04, 3.9E-05) |
0.084 |
-5.0E-04 (-8.7E-04, -1.4E-04) |
0.007 |
-7.3 |
-6.2 |
|
Protein | ||||||
| Animal protein (g) |
-7.3E-04 (-2.7E-03, 1.3E-03) |
0.47 |
-2.6E-03 (-5.0E-03, -1.5E-04) |
0.037 |
-6.6 |
-6.4 |
|
Vitamins | ||||||
| Retinole (IU) |
-3.2E-05 (-5.7E-05, -7.3E-06) |
0.011 |
-2.9E-05 (-5.2E-05, -6.1E-06) |
0.013 |
-3.8 |
-3.2 |
| Vitamin B12e (μg) |
-8.5E-03 (-1.6E-02, -1.1E-03) |
0.024 |
-7.6E-03 (-1.5E-02, -5.2E-04) |
0.035 |
-3.1 |
-2.3 |
|
Plant-compounds | ||||||
| Beta cryptoxanthin (μg) |
-3.2E-04 (-6.6E-04, 2.9E-05) |
0.072 |
-3.7E-04 (-6.9E-04, -5.1E-05) |
0.023 |
-6.1 |
-6.4 |
|
B. Positive associations | ||||||
|
Dietary lipids | ||||||
| Total unsaturated fat | ||||||
| Polyunsaturated fat | ||||||
| n-3 Fatty acids (EPAf,DPAg,DHAh) (g) |
|
0.035 |
1.4E-01 (4.6E-04, 2.8E-01) |
0.049 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
| n-3 Fatty acidsi (EPA & DHA) (g) |
1.8E-01 (1.3E-02, 3.4E-01) |
0.034 |
1.5E-01 (1.6E-03, 3.0E-01) |
0.048 |
3.4 |
3.6 |
| EPA (g) |
4.7E-01 (9.2E-02, 8.4E-01) |
0.015 |
4.0E-01 (5.9E-02, 7.4E-01) |
0.022 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
| DPA (g) |
2.9E + 00 (4.4E-01, 5.3E + 00) |
0.021 |
2.2E + 00 (-6.7E-02, 4.4E + 00) |
0.057 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
|
Elements | ||||||
| Manganesee (mg) |
3.9E-03 (6.8E-05, 7.7E-03) |
0.046 |
5.1E-03 (-2.0E-03, 1.2E-02) |
0.16 |
9.9 |
9.6 |
|
Alcohols | ||||||
| Ethanol (g) | 6.0E-03 (3.1E-03, 8.8E-03) | <0.001* | 6.6E-03 (4.0E-03, 9.2E-03) | <0.001* | 10.0 | 3.2 |
a Covariates included: sex, smoking status, season of toenail collection, case–control status, body mass index, age, daily intake of water from the household water source, total energy intake, and water arsenic concentrations for individuals with water arsenic concentrations ≥1 μg/L.
b predictions made using: male, never-smoker, control, median water arsenic concentration for those <1 μg/L, normal BMI, fall toenail collection, and mean age, calories, and water consumption for males with water arsenic < 1 μg/L.
c predictions made using: female, never-smoker, control, median water arsenic concentration for those <1 μg/L, normal BMI, fall toenail collection, and mean age, calories, and water consumption for females with water arsenic < 1 μg/L.
d without Gamma-Linolenic Fatty Acid.
e without supplements.
f Eicosapentaenoic Fatty Acid.
g Docosapentaenoic Fatty Acid.
h Docosahexanenoic Fatty Acid.
i without Alpha-Linolenic Fatty Acid.