Table 1.

The anti-inflammatory effects of estrogen on glial cells

Astrocytes
Author	Model	Drug/Treatment/mutation	Downstream Effect
(Santos-Galindo et al., 2011)	In vitro Mouse	LPS (sex effect)	Male: ↑IL-1b, IL-6, TNF Female: ↑TPSO, pregnenolone
(Liang et al., 2002)	In vitro Human (Alzheimer)	E2	↑GLT-1, GLAST
(Pawlak et al., 2005)	In vitro Mouse	E2	↑GLT-1, GLAST
(Barouk et al., 2011)	In vivo Rat	E2	↑VEGF
(Giraud et al., 2010)	In vivo / In Vitro Mouse	E2 + EAE, TNF stimulation	↓CCL2
Brain Edema
(Tomas-Camardiel et al., 2005)	In vivo Rat	E2 + LPS	↓AQ -4, BBB deterioration
(Rutkowsky et al., 2011)	In vitro Rat	E2 + hypoxia	↓AQ-4, swelling
(Liu et al., 2008b)	In vivo Mouse	AQ-4 deletion, MCAO	NO SEX DIFFERENCES in AQ-4 or edema
Microglia
Author	Model	Drug/Treatment/mutation	Downstream Effect
(Saijo et al., 2011)	In vitro - Mouse, Human	E2 + LPS	↓IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23p19, iNOS
(Liu et al., 2005)	In vitro - Rat	E2 + LPS	↑neuroprotection (neuronal co-culture) ↓TNF
(Dimayuga et al., 2005)	In vitro - Mouse	E2 + LPS	↑IL-10 ↓TNF, IFNγ, MHCI/II, CD40, CD86, CD152, Fas/L
(Bruce-Keller et al., 2001; Bruce-Keller et al., 2000)	In vitro - Rat, Mouse	E2 + LPS	↑MAPK-phosphorylation ↓iNOS
(Vegeto et al., 2001)	In vitro - Rat	E2 + LPS	↓iNOS, PGE-2, MMP-9
(Barreto et al., 2007)	In vivo - Rat	E2 + stab wound	↓MHCII
(Vegeto et al., 2006)	In vivo - Mouse	E2 + LPS	↓CCL2, MIP-2, TNF
(Zhang et al., 2004)	In vivo - Rat	E2 + hypoxia-ischemia	↑bfl -1